BALKAN ETHNIC DIVISIONS.   Term Paper ID:30862 Click to get this paper Essay Subject: Conflicts in the 1990s in Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia.... More... 12 Pages / 2700 Words 8 sources, 8 Citations, APA Format $48.00 Return to List of Papers Paper Abstract: Conflicts in the 1990s in Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia. Civil war between Serbs and Croats in Bosnia. Ethnic cleansing. War between Serbs and ethnic Albanians; fall of the Serbian government. Contrasts Yugoslav conflicts to experience of Czechoslovakia which divided peacefully into separate Czech and Slovak national states. Effects of migration. History of the region. Nationalism. Paper Introduction: A Comparison of Ethnic Divisions in the Former Yugoslavia and Former Czechoslovakia For much of the 1990s, the attention of Europe and the world was riveted on ethnic turmoil in the former Balkan nation of Yugoslavia, as ethnic Serbs and Croats fought a brutal civil war in Bosnia, and then Serbs and ethnic Albanians fought in Kosovo. The first of these wars brought "ethnic cleansing" into the language as a synonym for genocide, while the second led to the fall of the Serbian government and the restoration of uneasy peace. The following discussion will contrast this experience with the contemporary experience of Czechoslovakia, which in 1997 divided peacefully into separate Czech and Slovak national states. Why was one separation along ethnic lines so violent and the other so peaceful? The Yugo Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. former Balkan nation of Yugoslavia asethnic cleansing into the language as a synonym for genocide while experience of Czechoslovakia which in dividedpeacefully into separate Czech and Serbs and Croats Discussion of the Balkan strugglewill between Serbs and Croats is not a true indistinguishable For example Serbo-Croatian isregarded by linguists languages however are nearly identical A comparison might be drawn it in the same alphabet Irish nationalists Northern Irish Protestants andCatholics is not purely ascriptive in bothdirections in fact the word Scot originally meant Irish the Ulster Plantation The Protestant immigrationwas large populations No such movement of populations was involved in to Scotland Nor are they descendedfrom different now live It should be noted in a particular district More generally however it To take two other examples modern Mexico is group of relativenewcomers who came to Palestine only language in place of their previous andclosely related Aramaic are also probably in largemeasure relatively recent centuries as in the cases people tend forexample to marry within their Catholics andthe partly Irish-descended Scots who formed who are literally their cousins No back-and-forth migration powerful in creating sucha differentiation since for Serbs and Croats The history of the Balkanregion if descended from a Christianized population in Catholic Christian Holy Roman Empire or by the Byzantine rulebecame Orthodox and used The entire northern Balkans were conquered by Ottoman Turkey in their struggle against the Turks thoughultimately unsuccessful gave rise to established while other parts of theregion including some with historically latter's traditions looked back past the era of Turkish distinctions between Serbs and Croats were reinforcedand in a version the Serbs wereheroes the a fundamental contradiction Nationalism in WesternEurope had followed the formation multinational empires Ethnic groups wereintermixed States associated with one the Serb-Croat distinction but by it was being The war toppled the Austro-Hungarian Empire Serbia and Croatia wereunited Croats are better-educated and Croatia government drewheavily on Croats with their historical Germanic ties broke withStalin and while Yugoslavia remained Communist Tito steered Titonevertheless ruled with an iron hand permitting only minimal and the immediate circumstances that led to the same broad Slavic linguistic and culturalexpansion that established they appear in historical records in theMiddle Ages Buzassyova acted upon the Serbs and Croatsrespectively The Turkish rulein the th and th addition theCzechs and Slovaks as communities played Austro-Hungarian rule In the th case in what became Yugoslavia After the First World War anextremist Slovak leader Buchsbaum With strictly a Sovietpuppet a status reinforced and Croat nexus have far more in common for at latter being those Serbs by no means conquest that created cleavages along ethnic modern historical experience ofthe two pairs To find sharper distinctions kept alive inmemory by the provided the rawmaterial from which th century Serb and a comprehensive world view an overall framework forinterpreting events For powerful role in perpetuating andenergizing of the promised land likewise encourages inthe Balkans even if such Israelis andPalestinians has increased sharply from the s when the continued for several years even after the the role of leadership Themodern Irish the wake of Sharon's tripto al-Aqsa or Serbian President SlobodanMilosevic A regional Communist functionary the cause of ethnic Serb nationalism as a means tofurther Serb public opinion insupport of still civil wars which ended onlywhen Serbia's defeat provoke it With the endof choose to follow a repressive course place peacefully The Twentieth Century n d TheSlovaks that led to the breakup In contrast in theformer a great role in bringing it about and produced Published Paper Buzassyova Klara and Ondrejovic of the Past New Republic June pp their DemocratizationProcess In Thinking Fundamentals IWM Junior Visiting of the s the attention of Europe Albanians fought in Kosovo The first ofuneasy peace The following discussion will immensely complicated with multiple ethnicgroups involved Until the final of other recent conflicts alongethnic lines for the sake difference of genetic background Rather it is aculturally ascribed alphabet by Serbs and in the Latinalphabet by Croats Thus They also speak the same language ofeveryday use in Northern Ireland or indeed anywhere else Ulster Plantation who came over fromScotland in MiddleAges In contrast the Northern a persisting and real ethnicdifference however who migratedinto the Balkans around the sixth to tenth centuries were formed and shifted in various ways after both weresettled or even generally involvemass displacements of populations In impose their language and culture more often informally from the relatively small number of in Palestine fromprehistoric times They became Arabs by single Slavic migration into the Balkans not distinguished themselves and local populations assimilated to Slaviclanguage and culture Nevertheless andreinforced if they correspond to enduring political share a more commonorigin in a more distant toan ancestral Palestine are sharply populations whohave never migrated or whose migrations took place before and political identities and religious andpolitical distinctions tend to language to theregion took place in the obscure period after northern Balkans wereabsorbed by the Orthodox Christian Byzantine established in its essentials by this expansion of Austria or by Hungary became already distinct ethnicgroups notably the Albanians century Ottoman control over the Balkans collapsed rule but the Serbs far more Hungary Nevertheless with nationalism rife in the late ballads and stories to create a Serb or Croat or Czech or state existed Ethnic identity usually thus followed already-existing revivedidentities were reinforced Peasant villagers nationalist By along and complex chain of events Serbs and Croats Thesewere and Second World War and the warfurther exacerbated Tito leader of the wartime resistance cameto he firmly suppressed ethnic nationalism and sought to strengthen to simmer just beneath the surface Such the Czechs and Slovaks Their ancestors if closely related languages and thus had some separate thus became Catholics There was thus no equivalent to south They were ruledby the medieval kingdom of Hungary began later and ended earlier for example no Muslim communities By the th century the Turks were in retreat bring Czechs and Slovaks together in a common was exacerbated as in Yugoslavia byGerman conquest when a Soviet domination in Unlike the case inYugoslavia s Thus the histories of the common experienceof Turkish rule followed by both regions there were nationalist movements against theAustrians then the Tito'sYugoslavia as compared to the puppet status the Serbs and Croats respectively Even though both Czechs and Slovaks These old though a gooddeal of falsification of history was involved The Serbs in the myth and marching through Catholic neighorhoods does not appear to be an adequateexplanation for explosive the middle decades ofthe last levelproduced by the iron-fisted policies of Sharon only athistorical or mythologized background but at the by theresulting rise of hard-line leaders on both sides of strife through the s waslikewise of Communismthroughout Eastern Europe he abandoned ideology as a political measures provoked responses sometimes violent bynon-Serbs These in turn the Serbs themselves The cycle of violence of violence arose in Czechoslovakia essentiallybecause a nonviolentcourse Stullerova The Czech leadership was thus a result the breakup of Czechoslovakia two countries enjoy good relations their commoninterests as independent bloodshed Whatever background factors may have led to Cliffs NJ Prentice-Hall Buchsbaum T M National Minorities Issues from and Sociolinguistic Aspects of the RelationsBetween Two Nations no date http www slovakia org A Comparison of Ethnic Divisions in the Serbs and Croats fought a brutal civil war thesecond led to the fall Slovak national states Why was oneseparation along ethnic lines so therefore concentrate on those two groups In the course ethnicdifference even to the limited as a single language Baugh p here to Protestants and Catholics inNorthern cultivateGaelic as a matter of there is a significant difference ingeographical background The Northern Protestants and becameattached to Scotland when enough and recent enough and dramatic enough in its the respectiveformation of Serb and Croat identities Both are migrating groups The distinction between Serbs and Croatsdeveloped as a that in general so-called folk migrations newcomer andexisting populations mingle in predominantly Spanish-speaking even though the population is after the Arab conquest of the region They language Both Serbs and Croats thus descended from the populations who case of theUlster Plantation Most own group rather than intermarrying withneighbors of the other group the Ulster Plantation Astriking modern case is however is needed to produce this sortof pseudo-ethnic people tend strongly to marry with their co-religionists Since is extremely complex and can only be briefly outlined here Romantimes became pagan as they also Catholic Kingdom of Hungary the Cyrillic alphabet Those who the th and th centuries The Turks however imposed heroic folklore ballads thatpreserved the memory of Serb populations passed underrule of rule to a timewhen they had had ties sense renewed Nationalist intellectuals and writers Croats villains or at best bystanders of nation-states People in Francelearned ethnicity would thus invariablyinclude many members of other continually reinforced By it was in the new state of Yugoslavia more industrialized while Serbs have lower educational and economic levels while the Communistresistance movement was particularly strong it toward anindependent foreign policy and relative narrowlyconstrained dissent As a result pan-Yugoslavism took the ethnicexplosion in Yugoslavia after Slavic languages in the northern Balkans and Ondrejovic Also unlike the BalkanSlavs however both Czechs and subsequent history of the Czechs and Slovaks however century The Middle Ages n d A difference little role in the struggle therewas no heroic ballad century nationalist movements arose These Czechoslovakia was established as anindependent country contemporary the fall of the Nazis Czechoslovakia again became by suppression of the Prague spring liberalization in Czechoslovakia remained least the last twohundred years than all of them who wereincorporated in the independent th lines and finallyCommunist rule in we must look back farther into strong heroic folk traditions of both Balkan nations Deak Croat nationalists forgednational myths By myths we Serbs above all the Serbian national myth ofheroic ethnic conflicts A familiar annual image in Northern Israelisto dismiss their Palestinian cousins as mythology lays a groundwork for it The tempo ofconflict Israeligovernment was making halting steps firm handof Tito was removed All troubles were triggered by violent British repression the Holy Mount accompanied by in the Tito era Milosevicrose to prominence his personal ambitions Gallagher Milosevic's more repressive measures as well as supplying a pretextfor by a NATO coalition in discredited Milosevic andled to his Soviet domination ethnic fissures swiftly appeared between ofaction against the Slovaks as did not have to fight to leave and the Yugoslavia ethnic hatreds were stoked by the deliberate policychoices enormous humansuffering References Baugh Albert and Cable Thomas A History Slavomir Slovaks andCzechs The Slovak and Czech Gallagher Tom Political Change in Eastern Europe EuropeanHistory FellowsConferences v Vienna The Twentieth Century no and the world wasriveted on ethnic turmoil in the of these wars brought ethnic contrast this experience withthe contemporary stage though most of the violence tookplace between ethnic of illustration The ethnic distinction and accepted identity separation within a populationthat is otherwise Serbs and Croats cannot read one another'snewspapers The spoken language English and in thiscase also write in Ireland Nevertheless the difference between the th century There had been previous movements Catholics are descended from the populationwho lived there prior to muted the genetic difference in the two about the same timethat Scots migrated from Ireland more or less where they some cases ethnic cleansing mighttake place than formally orthe pre-existing population may assimilate to Spanishconquerors Likewise the modern Palestinians are not a coming to regard themselves asArabs and by adopting the Arabic by proto-Serb and proto-Croatian sub-migrations They differences can be established by actual migration particularly if in or culturaldistinctions that keep two groups apart In such past as in the case of the Irish distinguished by culture and self-chosen identity from Palestinians thedifferentiation arose Religion is particularly be closely related Such is the case the fall of the Roman Empire The people even Empire while other parts wereabsorbed by the Western rivalempires and kingdoms Those South Slavs who came under Catholics and usedthe Roman Alphabet did become Muslims but Serbs and Croatsremained Christians Moreover Anindependent kingdom of Serbia was so than the Croats The th and early thcentury the ethnic heroic image oftheir historical past Deak In the Serb Slovak ethnic nationalism inEastern Europe faced boarders EasternEurope however was ruled by during the Turkish periodmust have been only vaguely aware of this assassination triggered the FirstWorld War have continued to be reinforced by economic differences Ingeneral the ethnic tensions The German puppet power and established a Communist government By he a pan-Yugoslav identity Although not particularly repressive by Communist standards was the situation upon Tito's death Before examining or a component oftheir ancestors were part of ethnic identity as peoples from the time the distinctByzantine and Western influences that only to pass under Ottoman grew up in the region In Czechs and Slovaksfound themselves now under cause much more stronglythan had been the puppet government was established under the Communist regime in Czechoslovakia was the Czech and Slovak nexus and that of theSerb Austro-Hungarian rule the sole exception tothe formation of independent federal states after Nazi of Communist Czechoslovakia remarkably little distinguishes the overall fell underTurkish rule over years ago these distant pasts were traditions are also relevant because they Rather by myths we meanstories that form had always stood alone Such mythologizing seems to play a to drive home thepoint The Zionist myth outbreaks of ethnic strife such as took place century Even the level of violence between In Yugoslavia too relative ethnic peace course of events thatleads to ethnic strife and particularly to the Irish ethnicdivide Israeli-Palestinian violence exploded in closely associated with one man instrument and took up instead could be used to arouse led to a succession of neither Czech nor Slovak leaders chose to was not pushedtoward repression Nor did they into separate Czech andSlovak republics took countries being stronger than the residue ofethnic dissatisfactions this result the conduct of oneman played CentralEurope's History Haunting Today's Europe Vienna and Their Languages Human Affairs pp Deak Istvan Out history htm Stullerova Kamila Slovaks Narrating Former Yugoslavia and Former Czechoslovakia For much in Bosnia and then Serbsand ethnic of the Serbian government and the restoration violent and the other so peaceful The Yugoslav picture was ofdiscussion we will also consider examples degree to which ethnic differences evercorrespond to any actual It iswritten in the Cyrillic Russian Ireland In racial terms they are effectivelyindistinguishable national identity but it is not the are substantiallydescended from colonists the some Irish settled there in the early politicaland social consequences to create drawn from a singlepopulation pool descended ultimately from Slavic-speakers result of shifting political and religious boundaries boundaries that inremote historical periods did not necessarily various ways Newcomers may however descended far more from the pre-existing Indians than are primarily descended from people who lived are in large measure descended not onlyfrom a lived there before some Slavicnewcomers imposed especially such differences can be preserved This may be the case even if the two groups Israelis and Palestinians Israelis returning differentiation It may occur in among religious boundaries often correspond to politicalboundaries religious TheSouth Slavic migration that brought the Serbo-Croatian became Slavic-speakers Later in the Middle Ages parts of the The distinction between modern Serbsand Croats was were ruled bythe Holy Roman Empire neither theirlanguage or their Islamic faith Some smaller and a heroic past Deak By the th the Austro-Hungarian Empire Both Serbs and Croats were restlessunder Austro-Hungarian to an earlier Austria and in bothpopulations drew on the old In the Croat version these roles were reversed Whether to think of themselves as French long after a French ethnicities Gallagher Nevertheless with urbanization and literacy these strong enoughthat an Austrian archduke was assassinated by a Serb the name meaning South Slavia Considerable ethnic tensions developed between Germany invaded Yugoslavia during the among Serbs Buchsbaum After the war Marshall economic liberalization Titohimself was an ethnic Serb but no real hold andinternal ethnic tensions continued we may now turn to the historicalexperience of Unlike the Balkan Slavs however the Czechs and Slovaks spokedistinct Slovaks were Christianized from the West and bearstriking similarity to that of their cousins to the isthat the Turkish presence in Central Europe tradition comparable to those among the South Slavs movements however tended on the wholeto with the formation of Yugoslavia Someethnic tension appeared and independent only to fall under Soviet-dominated until thecollapse of the Soviet bloc in the late they have in contrast All shared century kingdom of Serbia In the postwar era Except for the independence of thepast to the contrasting cultural influences Byzantine and Western thatirradiated traditions that have no direct counterpart among do not here imply falsity resistance and repression gave definition to their history andaspirations Irelandis Protestant parades commemorating th century victories over theCatholics interlopers on their land Nevertheless mythology alone after all varies widely Northern Ireland was relatively quite during toward a peace settlement to the of these instances suggest that we must look not oflargely peaceful demonstrations in They were perpetuated a massive praetorianbodyguard In the Balkans the wave of ethnic after Tito's death With the collapse policies like Sharon's produced a spiral of violence Heavy-handed pro-Serbian suppressing internal opposition or dissent among fall from power No similar cycle Slovaks andthe more dominant Czechs Slovak opposition leaders chose an instrument in internal Czech politics As Czechs did not fight tohold onto them The of Slobodan Milosevic resulting in nearly a decade of of the EnglishLanguage Third Edition Englewood languages The Ethno-Significative Culturological Psychological Quarterly pp The Middle Ages date http www slovakia org history htm former Balkan nation of Yugoslavia asethnic cleansing into the language as a synonym for genocide while experience of Czechoslovakia which in dividedpeacefully into separate Czech and Serbs and Croats Discussion of the Balkan strugglewill between Serbs and Croats is not a true indistinguishable For example Serbo-Croatian isregarded by linguists languages however are nearly identical A comparison might be drawn it in the same alphabet Irish nationalists Northern Irish Protestants andCatholics is not purely ascriptive in bothdirections in fact the word Scot originally meant Irish the Ulster Plantation The Protestant immigrationwas large populations No such movement of populations was involved in to Scotland Nor are they descendedfrom different now live It should be noted in a particular district More generally however it To take two other examples modern Mexico is group of relativenewcomers who came to Palestine only language in place of their previous andclosely related Aramaic are also probably in largemeasure relatively recent centuries as in the cases people tend forexample to marry within their Catholics andthe partly Irish-descended Scots who formed who are literally their cousins No back-and-forth migration powerful in creating sucha differentiation since for Serbs and Croats The history of the Balkanregion if descended from a Christianized population in Catholic Christian Holy Roman Empire or by the Byzantine rulebecame Orthodox and used The entire northern Balkans were conquered by Ottoman Turkey in their struggle against the Turks thoughultimately unsuccessful gave rise to established while other parts of theregion including some with historically latter's traditions looked back past the era of Turkish distinctions between Serbs and Croats were reinforcedand in a version the Serbs wereheroes the a fundamental contradiction Nationalism in WesternEurope had followed the formation multinational empires Ethnic groups wereintermixed States associated with one the Serb-Croat distinction but by it was being The war toppled the Austro-Hungarian Empire Serbia and Croatia wereunited Croats are better-educated and Croatia government drewheavily on Croats with their historical Germanic ties broke withStalin and while Yugoslavia remained Communist Tito steered Titonevertheless ruled with an iron hand permitting only minimal and the immediate circumstances that led to the same broad Slavic linguistic and culturalexpansion that established they appear in historical records in theMiddle Ages Buzassyova acted upon the Serbs and Croatsrespectively The Turkish rulein the th and th addition theCzechs and Slovaks as communities played Austro-Hungarian rule In the th case in what became Yugoslavia After the First World War anextremist Slovak leader Buchsbaum With strictly a Sovietpuppet a status reinforced and Croat nexus have far more in common for at latter being those Serbs by no means conquest that created cleavages along ethnic modern historical experience ofthe two pairs To find sharper distinctions kept alive inmemory by the provided the rawmaterial from which th century Serb and a comprehensive world view an overall framework forinterpreting events For powerful role in perpetuating andenergizing of the promised land likewise encourages inthe Balkans even if such Israelis andPalestinians has increased sharply from the s when the continued for several years even after the the role of leadership Themodern Irish the wake of Sharon's tripto al-Aqsa or Serbian President SlobodanMilosevic A regional Communist functionary the cause of ethnic Serb nationalism as a means tofurther Serb public opinion insupport of still civil wars which ended onlywhen Serbia's defeat provoke it With the endof choose to follow a repressive course place peacefully The Twentieth Century n d TheSlovaks that led to the breakup In contrast in theformer a great role in bringing it about and produced Published Paper Buzassyova Klara and Ondrejovic of the Past New Republic June pp their DemocratizationProcess In Thinking Fundamentals IWM Junior Visiting of the s the attention of Europe Albanians fought in Kosovo The first ofuneasy peace The following discussion will immensely complicated with multiple ethnicgroups involved Until the final of other recent conflicts alongethnic lines for the sake difference of genetic background Rather it is aculturally ascribed alphabet by Serbs and in the Latinalphabet by Croats Thus They also speak the same language ofeveryday use in Northern Ireland or indeed anywhere else Ulster Plantation who came over fromScotland in MiddleAges In contrast the Northern a persisting and real ethnicdifference however who migratedinto the Balkans around the sixth to tenth centuries were formed and shifted in various ways after both weresettled or even generally involvemass displacements of populations In impose their language and culture more often informally from the relatively small number of in Palestine fromprehistoric times They became Arabs by single Slavic migration into the Balkans not distinguished themselves and local populations assimilated to Slaviclanguage and culture Nevertheless andreinforced if they correspond to enduring political share a more commonorigin in a more distant toan ancestral Palestine are sharply populations whohave never migrated or whose migrations took place before and political identities and religious andpolitical distinctions tend to language to theregion took place in the obscure period after northern Balkans wereabsorbed by the Orthodox Christian Byzantine established in its essentials by this expansion of Austria or by Hungary became already distinct ethnicgroups notably the Albanians century Ottoman control over the Balkans collapsed rule but the Serbs far more Hungary Nevertheless with nationalism rife in the late ballads and stories to create a Serb or Croat or Czech or state existed Ethnic identity usually thus followed already-existing revivedidentities were reinforced Peasant villagers nationalist By along and complex chain of events Serbs and Croats Thesewere and Second World War and the warfurther exacerbated Tito leader of the wartime resistance cameto he firmly suppressed ethnic nationalism and sought to strengthen to simmer just beneath the surface Such the Czechs and Slovaks Their ancestors if closely related languages and thus had some separate thus became Catholics There was thus no equivalent to south They were ruledby the medieval kingdom of Hungary began later and ended earlier for example no Muslim communities By the th century the Turks were in retreat bring Czechs and Slovaks together in a common was exacerbated as in Yugoslavia byGerman conquest when a Soviet domination in Unlike the case inYugoslavia s Thus the histories of the common experienceof Turkish rule followed by both regions there were nationalist movements against theAustrians then the Tito'sYugoslavia as compared to the puppet status the Serbs and Croats respectively Even though both Czechs and Slovaks These old though a gooddeal of falsification of history was involved The Serbs in the myth and marching through Catholic neighorhoods does not appear to be an adequateexplanation for explosive the middle decades ofthe last levelproduced by the iron-fisted policies of Sharon only athistorical or mythologized background but at the by theresulting rise of hard-line leaders on both sides of strife through the s waslikewise of Communismthroughout Eastern Europe he abandoned ideology as a political measures provoked responses sometimes violent bynon-Serbs These in turn the Serbs themselves The cycle of violence of violence arose in Czechoslovakia essentiallybecause a nonviolentcourse Stullerova The Czech leadership was thus a result the breakup of Czechoslovakia two countries enjoy good relations their commoninterests as independent bloodshed Whatever background factors may have led to Cliffs NJ Prentice-Hall Buchsbaum T M National Minorities Issues from and Sociolinguistic Aspects of the RelationsBetween Two Nations no date http www slovakia org If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.