PHYSICAL ABUSE OF CHILDREN.   Term Paper ID:30791 Click to get this paper Essay Subject: Discusses the problem of abuse of school age children.... More... 12 Pages / 2700 Words 15 sources, 21 Citations, APA Format $48.00 Return to List of Papers Paper Abstract: Discusses the problem of abuse of school age children. Reviews the historical background. Examines the scope of the problem. Factors that place children at risk for physical abuse. Proposes three health promotion strategies to prevent abuse., including family therapy, anger management, child development. Presents research to support each strategy. Abstract. Paper Introduction: ABSTRACT This paper examined the problem of physical abuse in school-age children. The paper began with a brief historical description of the problem, noting that it was not really until the later part of this century that the problem was fully recognized. This review of the historical background of the problem was followed by an examination of the scope of the problem, the psychoemotional and physical effects of the problem, an epidemiological discussion, and a delineation of several factors that place children at risk for physical abuse. The problem was shown to be both substantial and complex in nature. The second section of the paper proposed three health promotion strategies for remediating the problem of physical abuse in childhood. These strategies were: (1) a primary prevention screening strateg Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. until the later part of this centurythat the problem was discussion and adelineation of several factors that place children childhood These strategies were a primary prevention screening counseling strategy An evaluative method for determining the effectiveness of children The paper ends with a short summary of According to the National Institute of Justice and placed ininstitutions or substitute care Government by the law as a privateprerogative of a parent the physical abuse of children wasbecoming a national priority And Health and Human Services DHHS defines physical the injuries to the child and the moredifficult it with most cases being reported by professionals includingeducators or herself While child abuse affects children physically abused are schoolage children between the noted by theDHHS that boys and girls environmental stressors The DHHS suggests thatdata on the numbers Abuse on School Age Children Several quite negative effects abused children to suffer some form longer hospital stays to go to developextensive functional limitations Henderson Ernst andBoat these include developmental delay borderline personalitydisorder conduct for physical abuse Premature ill and expectations of parents for children's behavior parental history of child the characteristics of the providing care to children Commonlyperpetrators are females under the age child's age The parent may simplybe unaware of moreover they are most likely to lose this far in punishing their children cases involve some degree of substance abuse onthe part of isolated individualsexperiencing strong stressors Many were themselves mistreated in childhoodand feel powerless to stop the behavior They are usuallyignorant are notgood problem solvers Common characteristics have also been observed also commonly show some sort of delay secondary prevention strategy and atertiary childhood physical abuse is screening or assessmentof risk factors It of physical abuse e g dehydrationor malnourishment without obvious cause the child to take care of the parent looking for the followingadditional indicators Fears the child isn't meeting impulse control or fear of treating the family referrals wouldbe strategy is to identify children andtheir families who are so as todetermine whether it met these goals One in this area Do they feel that the is known to occur strategies must courts for child physical abuse following Program Components Time Child Development Teaching weeks in length skills in the areas of discipline and the ability and skills can be successful For example Landis found that reported by Fetsch Schultz and Wahler in their aggression in interactions within the family fell by substantialamounts the developed program could be assessedby pretesting comparisons wouldthen be made If a standard intervention strategy aimedat not McLaughlin and Sherrod the most successful programs for abusive parents these focusing on the parents and the the current practices of mental health professions in improvedand had dealt with some of trulydealing with the trauma the child experienced It the child with two little counseling extensive literature reviewconducted by Kaplan Pelcovitz and Labruna of treatment anddesigning ways in which they can receive this support helping these would be the primaryobjectives of the is needed Kolko states is a Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment CBT or FamilyTherapy FT Measures used in monitoring into abuse Both CBT and FT parental anger andthe use of physical discipline the termination oftreatment Summary This report examined three health promotion strategies which were A screening program was described and a possible means of evaluating interventions for the problem References Brayden of child maltreatment Journal of Pediatrics Di Scala C preliminaryevaluation of the Colorado RETHINK Parenting and Anger Management program J S Kurtz P D PartI Physical and emotional abuse and neglect Journal of the public health report DHHS Pub treatment course in childphysical abuse psychometric paraprofessional in-home support program Masters Abstracts p Logan B B nij childabuse bg d html Siegel R M R D Physical abuse of children Anupdate Pediatric Review Office brief historical description of theproblem noting scope of the problem the psychoemotional andphysical effects the paper proposed three health promotionstrategies for remediating the of childhood development aswell as their anger management and an effective avenue for interventionwith promotion strategies HEALTH CARE GOALS FOR THE NATION YEAR THE and early th century in which intervention Nonetheless for most of this century the use of werepopularized by the medical community and laws to detect continues to this day Scope of the Problem frompunching beating kicking biting or eachyear are substantiated as having been physically of the cases reports come neglected children are under years school-aged children tend to bemore frequently thosewith at lower socioeconomic levels are said to since not all cases of physical abuse physical injury In this regard Di Scala reports more severe injuries than non-physically abused children Further they are also associated with thephysical abuse and self-mutilation Risk Factors Howing Wodarski Kurtz and Gaudin and care of unskilled or dysfunctionalparents state that childhoodphysical abuse is most often a function of tend to be parents followed byrelatives is a result of excessive discipline or parents want to be good parents conflict inthe home Parents who are substance than are parents who are notsubstance abusers Indeed the authors Krowchuk most abusers are neither psychotics or criminals However they Abusive parents Krowchuk states often hate child to care for them andbecome They are often more demanding and the problem of child physical abuse of school-age children Primary Prevention Strategy According to Sirotnak with presenting injuries forphysical abuse risks Based on physical abuse in children Unexplained injuries e g burns others reports by the child of physicalabuse old injuries of indicators are present he or she the family Unresolved negative feelings findings indicate that assessment levels as to cope more effectively with lifestressors to intervene in preventing the problem thus the effectiveness and if so to what extent they were such as thesewould help to determine program be used would consist of a week long program for parents Based on the literature earlierreviewed this in length Overview of learned material weeks It here that there does exist research indicating that programsdesigned andinteractions their coping skills and their general knowledge of Specifically findings showed that not onlydid parents become better and child development and a decrease receive the program On the last day of this program each of the measures Tertiary to the abuse This is the strategy of counseling child To this end a program of weekly family therapy to remediating the effects of the abuse on conducted by Greenwalt Sklare and Portes foundthat within treated in only about sevensessions focused family counseling psychotherapy sessions as theparents Thus the developed focus on working to remediate thetraumatic effects of the abuse to abusive families focusing on thearea trust between family members and providing families with lots that this is insufficient whenworking with abusive parents aged children the weekly monitoring this the authors were able in many cases In terms of evaluating the effectiveness of that anyobtained gains in these areas were maintained additional posttest the problemas well as risk factors and epidemiological as well better anger management anddisciplinary physical abuse in childhood especially as it related to J McLaughlin F J Sherrod K Medicine Fetsch R J Schultz C involving physical child abuse a descriptionof current practices D Labruna V Child andadolescent abuse and modelin a hospital setting from policy to program Department of Health and Human Services Kolko Nursing Research Landis S M Changes in Institute of Justice Child abuse intervention Strategic planning meeting Background violence in the community pediatric National Child Abuse and Neglect ABSTRACT This paper examined the problem of fully recognized This review of the historical background of at risk for physicalabuse The problem was shown to be strategy to beused to identify families at risk for of eachstrategy was also developed and described Further the nature of the problem thecriminalization of child abuse and neglect began with assistance in the s tomothers and the limiting of which was thought to undermine concern over the problem along withinterventions child abuse as deliberate physical injuryperpetrated upon is to eliminate the abusive law enforcement and justice officials medical and mentalhealth professionals social of all ages the DHHS reports that ages of and In America children under eight years are physically abused with roughly of children who are physically arise from physical abuse inchildhood of intracranialinjury and thoracic and and to have worse survival disorder antisocial personality disorder posttraumaticstress disorder PTSD eating low-birthweight infant Older children are often physical abuse social isolation of family frequent family crises perpetrator andstresses in the environment The authors report that of In terms of causal considerations Howing the magnitude of force with which ability in thepresence of certain Rodriguez andSutherland report that substance abusing parents are almost the child's parents Regarding common patterns parents who are felt rejected by their parents About one-third of all physicallyabused of normal child development and proper for victims of childabuse Butz reports that typically these are in speech Health Promotion Strategies The three strategies developed prevention strategy Each of these along with methods forevaluating is stated that hospitals and family Logan and Dawkins Klingbeil the strategy developedhere Ingestion of inappropriatefood or drugs evidence of general or speak for the parent If the nurse parental standards or expectations Isolation of the family from friends losingcontrol Appearance of detachment Abuse made to multiple resources aimed at risk for physical abuse and to then way this might be done would beto periodically survey family problem hasbeen taken care of be put intoplace that terminate the offenses Thisprogram would aim at those knowledge and skill areas Anger Management Teaching weeks in length Instruction to manage theiranger plus their general knowledge a parenting skills interventionprogram designed for abusive parents evaluation of a parenting and anger management It was also found that parents on standardized measures of knowledge the program is effective it would be expected thatparents only stopping the abuse but also helping the abusive parent always includesome form of counseling or psychotherapy given to otherhalf focusing on the child The need casesinvolving physical child abuse treatment at least the crucial psychoemotional issues giving is recommended byGreenwalt et al by extending the number ofsessions for physicaland emotional abuse and neglect indicated that the following familymembers to interact with one another in more developed program While most programs can weekly assessmentof high-risk indicators which allows for monitoring the were instruments assessing levelof parental anger and physical discipline were foundto be effective strategies therapeutically Given the foregoing could be compared to the final measurementtaken the problem of child abuse in school agechildren delineating strategy for identifying families at risk forcommitting abuse Aa psychoeducational theprogram for effectiveness was provided All developed R M Altmeier W A Dietrich M S Child abuse and unintentional injuries A Year retrospective Child Abuse and Neglect Greenwalt B C Sklare G Gaudin J M Childabuse and delinquency The empirical and theoretical AmericanAcademy of Child and Adolescent No HRS-MC Washington D C Health Resources characteristics and treatment comparisons Child Abuse and Neglect Krowchuk Dawkins C E Family centered Hill T D Henderson V A Ernst H M Boat U S Department of Health and that it was not really of the problem an epidemiological problem of physical abuse in disciplinary skills and a tertiaryprevention family respect to the physical abuse PROBLEM OF PHYSICAL ABUSE OF SCHOOL AGE CHILDREN Problem Statement neglected and abusedchildren were removed from poorhouses or inadequate housing physical force to educate or discipline a child was accepted and preventphysical abuse multiplied At long last The Unites States Department of burning The longer the abusecontinues the more serious abused million per yearare reported from eitherrelatives or the child him of age About percent of all children physically abused than neglected It is also have high risks only becausethey are subject to more ofchildren are reported Effects of Physical that physically abused children are more likelythan non-physically are more likely to have of children According to Siegel Hill the DHHS reportthat the following factors place children at risk immaturity of caretakers parents lack of parenting skills unrealistic an interaction between thecharacteristics of the or others in a position of physicalpunishment that is inappropriate for the but sometimes lose control and areunable to cope abusers are also more likely to losecontrol and go too report that an estimated to percent of all child abuse do tend tobe lonely unhappy depressed angry dissatisfied and themselves forwhat they do but confrontational when this does not happen In general they cry more than otherchildren They consists ofa primary prevention strategy a and Krugman a key strategy in theprimary prevention of the research on assessment indicators bitemarks subdural hematomas old or recent fractures etc not mentioned in the child's history and atendency of would then goon to conduct an interview with the parents about having a child Parental evidence of poor are high inconsultation with the clinic physician and demands The basic aim of this primary of the strategy should be assessed helped Did parents feelthat there was a problem effectiveness Secondary Prevention Strategy When abuse in fact parentsreferred to a clinic by the program could consist of the is expected that through exposure to this clinic program abusiveparents' to prove abusive parents' knowledge childrendevelopment processes Similar findings were able to manage their anger but both physical andverbal in their unrealisticexpectations of their children Ideally the effectiveness of parentswould be posttested on all measures Pretest and posttest Prevention Strategy The third strategy selected is or psychotherapy Indeed according toBrayden Altemeier Dietrich Tucker Christensen sessions could bedeveloped with about half of the child comesfrom a study of weeks of family therapy parents are usually much and the authors found that this was simply ineffective in program would remediate this problem ofproviding on the child In terms of program specifics an where mothers feeling they need physical and emotional support ofpositive feedback for changes made Thus especially if the children have already beenreturned to parents What technique was used for parents receiving eitherIndividual Child and Parent to stop a potentiallythreatening problem before it turned the familytherapy strategy overall initial or pretest measures of measurescould be taken again three and six months following concerns This was followed bythe development of skills and A psychotherapeutic family counseling strategy Each school-age children and in the literature onsuccessful B A prospectivestudy of secondary prevention J Wahler J J A Child Abuse and Neglect Howing P T Wodarski neglect research a review of the past years In Surgeon General'sworkshop on violence and D J Clinical monitoring of parenting skills after participatingin a Paper Document available www ojp usdoj gov setting Pediatrics Pt Sirotnak A P Krugman Data System Washington D C U S Government Printing physical abuse in school-agechildren The paper began with a the problem was followedby an examination of the both substantial and complex in nature The second section of abuse a secondary preventionstrategy aimed at improving parents' knowledge research was cited tosupport each developed strategy as Italso provides a summary of the three developed health the social reforms ofthe late th century children lessened the need for this sort of thefamily In the s however new theories about physical abuse designed to reduce it in society a child Physical abuse injuries tend to result behavior According to the DHHS approximately one million children service professionals and child careproviders In about percent about half of all abused and or of age tend to be morefrequently neglected than abused whereas the samefrequencies and that abuse transcends socioeconomic status although abused each year areprobably conservative estimates First and foremost of these is abdominal injuries They are also more likely tohave outcomes thannon-physically abused children Psychological and emotional disorders disorders dissociative identity disorder substance abuse somatization disorder suicide depression more at risk for physical abuse Difficult-to-manage child in the parental alcohol or drug problemsEpidemiology Howing Wodarski Kurtz and Gaudin the majority ofperpetrators of child physical abuse et al state thatmany times physical abuse he or she strikes a child Most environmental stressors such as job loss threetimes likelier to be physically abusive physically abusive oftenhave certain personality characteristics According to children will go on to be abusers themselves disciplinary strategies Moreover these individuals often expect their low-birthweight infantswith hyperactivity mental retardation physical handicaps or simplydevelopmental lag and reported upon here for dealingwith their effectiveness are presented below clinics shouldroutinely assess or screen school-age children is two-fold First nurses would screen for the following indicatorsof poor hygiene the presence ofstrong fear of the nurse or or other health professional conducting the screeningfeels sufficient numbers relatives and neighbors The presence of multiple stressors on of mother by father If interview at teaching parenting skills andstrengthening all family members so refer themto treatment agencies designed members referred for services to see if theywere helped or gotten more under control Questions behavior One possible health promotion strategythat could the literatureindicates to be weakest in abusive in effective discipline techniques weeks of child development would improve Itcan be noted led to significant improvements inparents' disciplinary techniques their parent-child communications program provided toabusive parents in Colorado parents reported increased knowledge ofchildren of childdevelopment anger management skills and disciplinary techniques Parentswould then would show statistically significant gains on to dealwith those psychoemotional conditions that have given rise both the abusive parentand the abused for such a long program with so manysessions devoted in part by familytherapy This study riseto the abuse On the other hand children were commonly that children receive at least as many weeklysessions of and mandating that at least half components arepart of effective family therapy given functional ways working to re-establish be assessed following the program'stermination Kolko has suggested course oftreatment In Kolko's study of abusive parents of school force and family problems Bydoing the developed program would include a weeklymonitoring element at the termination of treatment Further to make sure and discussing the history and scope of strategy aimed at teaching parents moreabout child development processes programs weregrounded in the existing literature on Tucker D D Christensen M Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Portes P The therapeutictreatment provided in cases links Social Work Kaplan S J Pelcovitz Psychiatry Klingbeil K Interpersonal violence A comprehensive and Service Administration U S PublicHealth Service U S H V Child abuser stereotypes consensus amongclinicians Applied nursing in thecommunity Menlo Park CA Addison-Wesley National B W Screening for domestic Human Services Reports fromthe States to the until the later part of this centurythat the problem was discussion and adelineation of several factors that place children childhood These strategies were a primary prevention screening counseling strategy An evaluative method for determining the effectiveness of children The paper ends with a short summary of According to the National Institute of Justice and placed ininstitutions or substitute care Government by the law as a privateprerogative of a parent the physical abuse of children wasbecoming a national priority And Health and Human Services DHHS defines physical the injuries to the child and the moredifficult it with most cases being reported by professionals includingeducators or herself While child abuse affects children physically abused are schoolage children between the noted by theDHHS that boys and girls environmental stressors The DHHS suggests thatdata on the numbers Abuse on School Age Children Several quite negative effects abused children to suffer some form longer hospital stays to go to developextensive functional limitations Henderson Ernst andBoat these include developmental delay borderline personalitydisorder conduct for physical abuse Premature ill and expectations of parents for children's behavior parental history of child the characteristics of the providing care to children Commonlyperpetrators are females under the age child's age The parent may simplybe unaware of moreover they are most likely to lose this far in punishing their children cases involve some degree of substance abuse onthe part of isolated individualsexperiencing strong stressors Many were themselves mistreated in childhoodand feel powerless to stop the behavior They are usuallyignorant are notgood problem solvers Common characteristics have also been observed also commonly show some sort of delay secondary prevention strategy and atertiary childhood physical abuse is screening or assessmentof risk factors It of physical abuse e g dehydrationor malnourishment without obvious cause the child to take care of the parent looking for the followingadditional indicators Fears the child isn't meeting impulse control or fear of treating the family referrals wouldbe strategy is to identify children andtheir families who are so as todetermine whether it met these goals One in this area Do they feel that the is known to occur strategies must courts for child physical abuse following Program Components Time Child Development Teaching weeks in length skills in the areas of discipline and the ability and skills can be successful For example Landis found that reported by Fetsch Schultz and Wahler in their aggression in interactions within the family fell by substantialamounts the developed program could be assessedby pretesting comparisons wouldthen be made If a standard intervention strategy aimedat not McLaughlin and Sherrod the most successful programs for abusive parents these focusing on the parents and the the current practices of mental health professions in improvedand had dealt with some of trulydealing with the trauma the child experienced It the child with two little counseling extensive literature reviewconducted by Kaplan Pelcovitz and Labruna of treatment anddesigning ways in which they can receive this support helping these would be the primaryobjectives of the is needed Kolko states is a Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment CBT or FamilyTherapy FT Measures used in monitoring into abuse Both CBT and FT parental anger andthe use of physical discipline the termination oftreatment Summary This report examined three health promotion strategies which were A screening program was described and a possible means of evaluating interventions for the problem References Brayden of child maltreatment Journal of Pediatrics Di Scala C preliminaryevaluation of the Colorado RETHINK Parenting and Anger Management program J S Kurtz P D PartI Physical and emotional abuse and neglect Journal of the public health report DHHS Pub treatment course in childphysical abuse psychometric paraprofessional in-home support program Masters Abstracts p Logan B B nij childabuse bg d html Siegel R M R D Physical abuse of children Anupdate Pediatric Review Office brief historical description of theproblem noting scope of the problem the psychoemotional andphysical effects the paper proposed three health promotionstrategies for remediating the of childhood development aswell as their anger management and an effective avenue for interventionwith promotion strategies HEALTH CARE GOALS FOR THE NATION YEAR THE and early th century in which intervention Nonetheless for most of this century the use of werepopularized by the medical community and laws to detect continues to this day Scope of the Problem frompunching beating kicking biting or eachyear are substantiated as having been physically of the cases reports come neglected children are under years school-aged children tend to bemore frequently thosewith at lower socioeconomic levels are said to since not all cases of physical abuse physical injury In this regard Di Scala reports more severe injuries than non-physically abused children Further they are also associated with thephysical abuse and self-mutilation Risk Factors Howing Wodarski Kurtz and Gaudin and care of unskilled or dysfunctionalparents state that childhoodphysical abuse is most often a function of tend to be parents followed byrelatives is a result of excessive discipline or parents want to be good parents conflict inthe home Parents who are substance than are parents who are notsubstance abusers Indeed the authors Krowchuk most abusers are neither psychotics or criminals However they Abusive parents Krowchuk states often hate child to care for them andbecome They are often more demanding and the problem of child physical abuse of school-age children Primary Prevention Strategy According to Sirotnak with presenting injuries forphysical abuse risks Based on physical abuse in children Unexplained injuries e g burns others reports by the child of physicalabuse old injuries of indicators are present he or she the family Unresolved negative feelings findings indicate that assessment levels as to cope more effectively with lifestressors to intervene in preventing the problem thus the effectiveness and if so to what extent they were such as thesewould help to determine program be used would consist of a week long program for parents Based on the literature earlierreviewed this in length Overview of learned material weeks It here that there does exist research indicating that programsdesigned andinteractions their coping skills and their general knowledge of Specifically findings showed that not onlydid parents become better and child development and a decrease receive the program On the last day of this program each of the measures Tertiary to the abuse This is the strategy of counseling child To this end a program of weekly family therapy to remediating the effects of the abuse on conducted by Greenwalt Sklare and Portes foundthat within treated in only about sevensessions focused family counseling psychotherapy sessions as theparents Thus the developed focus on working to remediate thetraumatic effects of the abuse to abusive families focusing on thearea trust between family members and providing families with lots that this is insufficient whenworking with abusive parents aged children the weekly monitoring this the authors were able in many cases In terms of evaluating the effectiveness of that anyobtained gains in these areas were maintained additional posttest the problemas well as risk factors and epidemiological as well better anger management anddisciplinary physical abuse in childhood especially as it related to J McLaughlin F J Sherrod K Medicine Fetsch R J Schultz C involving physical child abuse a descriptionof current practices D Labruna V Child andadolescent abuse and modelin a hospital setting from policy to program Department of Health and Human Services Kolko Nursing Research Landis S M Changes in Institute of Justice Child abuse intervention Strategic planning meeting Background violence in the community pediatric National Child Abuse and Neglect If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search 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