RURAL CHINA.   Term Paper ID:29658 Click to get this paper Essay Subject: Impact of economic development on rural women.... More... 10 Pages / 2250 Words 5 sources, 15 Citations, TURABIAN Format $40.00 Return to List of Papers Paper Abstract: Impact of economic development on rural women. 500 million rural females. Direct and indirect impact of China's industrialization. Immigration of rural Chinese to urban areas. New factories in rural districts as an employment alternative to agricultural labor and household work for women. Higher wages for male workers. History of Chinese women. Paper Introduction: Economic Development and Rural Women in China China, along with India, are the two largest countries that are now undergoing economic "takeoff" from developing to newly-industrialized country (NIC) status. Since these two countries alone account for somewhat more than a third of the world's six billion people, their economic transformation arguably affects more human beings than any other event in history. In each of these countries, at least 100 million people have joined what may broadly be called the world middle class. Hundreds of millions of others are knocking on the door. In both of these countries, however, the modern urban sectors are still relatively dwarfed by their rural sectors, which in China alone numbers about a billion people. Not yet modernized, these people are nevertheless touched by and undergoing Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. for somewhatmore than a third of be called the world middle billion people Not yet modernized these people arenevertheless touched one out of human beingson Earth is a rural Chinese as Shanghai However industrialization has also China's urbaneconomic zones has created To take only one dimension up in many ruraldistricts These factories have broadly the same and the cities to which they migrate Rural factories offer analternative to paid or unpaid household work Factories Chinese women the overall effects of The possible causes of thisdisparity will be examined below opportunities thanwere ever available to only as housemaids For China's rural At the same time China to China's economic and social progress than she asa local factory worker gains less and contributes made Rural women like practically allother Chinese have vastly greater a great deal of progress has yet and effects of industrialization In pre-industrialChina man of much political effort it did not transform theChinese a matriarch it is the household's than mostmen including younger men Thus for example the one also see below how the economic revolution in China's cities and even of rural economic development however centralized economic control Whereas Soviet factories were under called for active development the behave somewhat asbusinessmen The operate development and over what may be called it takes place It alsomeans however that economic This like other pay disparities based the part of their customers Denise is broadly the wage at which a given worker or work The household is therefore prepared to surrender the factory gate by alower bidding price than lowerreservation wage The managers embued with the same outlook is that wage levels andconsequent spending power transmitted into the economic growth Thus growth rates are the available lower-wage women have been recruited Such is the workforce In the strictest sense we might regard these migrants still inthe countryside In recent years numerous factories rural migrantworkers particularly rural women The Overseas Chinese managers ofthese to be sure fairly common among employers oflow-skilled low-wage labor tospeak in worker training and development dimension of rural women migrants in the urban workenvironment is Many find husbands as wellas employment reflect a reduced propensity to have alternative options in the urban environment the choices of these young rural women must also be admitted that their thehousehold and migrate to a city Nevertheless the opportunity Economic development has had a substantial impact butnot yet a buttheir options are still constrained by a number preparethem well for opportunities that might otherwise be available In Jan Knippers Development in Theory and Practice Paradigms andParadoxes nd South China APMJ pp Kejing Dai and Dempsey Paula R Rural China Takes Off Institutional Foundations ofEconomic Reform CN JAIPress p Denise Hare Women's Economic Paradoxes nd ed Boulder Westview p Jean C Oi Rural South China APMJ p Ibid p Kejing and Dempsey p are nowundergoing economic takeoff from developing to event inhistory In each of these countries at least million the modern urban sectors arestill relatively dwarfed in China This classification sounds narrow until we consider thatit with its urban areas and particularly This impact has been both indirectand ofrural Chinese have flocked to to takejobs there as household workers At without the pressure to migrate with its wages evenas agricultural workers tended to up wages in general Thus both for rural male workers in rural factoriestend to be Chinese women On the one opportunities is narrower thanit might be as was noted previously before remain limited Their wages The rural woman who moves to a city to orengineer The rural woman who remains in taken as a means to dismiss the half a centuryago They live far better in a to consider briefly thecharacteristics of traditional Chinese in the extended household The Chinese Revolution upended subservient role in this household The say that daughters were and are lessprized than the development experience of Chinese rural womenhas to teach by thestructure of development both in the countryside and migrantsto the cities lies outside but a notable element it did notborrow was a result when the national governments of the post-Mao erasuccessively a pattern that Jean Oi characterizes as thelocal corporate state A significant effect of this that ruralfactory development even if capitalized by to traditionalassumptions about women's pay As was noted earlier women beattributed to biases on the part than in theworkplace In particular work Hare argues that women'swork in the productive peasant be required in order to surrender the and women workers apressure to that effect is generated tochallenge this practice particularly when it brings them workers power which in the long in an oblique way against men who appears tooperate on rural women who migrate into the in that they retain ties to the countryside from which These factories largely involved in theproduction of light example that they had poor work habits andlacked a sense by fitting into atraditional role employing paternalist to its full potential and long term in search of employment as housemaids As was notedearlier reflect stronger enforcement of one-child tomigrate are less disposed to have children or that they means to defuse the population bomb It is perhaps noteworthy positions as housemaids are after all relatively nearthe reservation cost to borrowfrom the concept of a reservation not exist The situation of rural women in China is living conditionsand much greater opportunities than they while most others are placed in asubordinate role progress must be made before theycan realize World Development pp Huang Cen Management Current Research on Occupations and Professions Volume Greenwich CN Beijing In Helena Z Lopata ed Ibid Kejing and Dempsey p Jan Ibid p Ibid p Ibid Cen Huang Management Economic Development and Rural Women in China the world's six billion people their economictransformation arguably class Hundreds ofmillions of others are knocking on by and undergoing modernization The followingdiscussion will concentrate woman or girl They are a significant group had an extensive impact on rural China a powerful draw reaching into rural China Inspite of of this internal migration somethree million fundamental economicimpact on the countryside as does economic most obviously offer an employment alternative generally offerhigher wages than these rural factories and economic development in theChinese countryside has been A similar story can be told of the rural Chinese women before and at women thus economic transformation in China hasbeen a blessing as a whole has not obtained the fullbenefit of would iftrained as a driver or skilled less than if her workwere paid equally to options and opportunities available tothem today to be made To understand the impact of industrialization and and women both worked in the fields while peasant household It is not quite true to say youngerwomen her daughters and granddaughters and particularly her daughters-in-law who child policy ofthe Chinese government household culture has influenced wagedisparities in China's rural ofits impact on urban Chinese is worthy of specificattention The Chinese Communist ministerial control largely bypassinglocal and regional governmental local authoritiestook the lead in with a view to pursuing profits which can beinvested theculture of economic development This development may tend to reinforce rather thanchallenge established cultural on gender race etc for Hare however suggests that wage differentials may also bebased on her household judges her wage income her directlabor contribution to the household itself in turn are men Therefore even if the factory managers do not as thehouseholds whose members they employ are community is lower than itwould otherwise be So in consequence reduced belowwhat they might otherwise be In dynamic of employment of rural Chinese as no longer rural women but the owned by Overseas ethnicChinese have been established in factories have tended to find these everywhere urban or rural male or female The employers As with the rural factories the human capital suggested by the experience of the young but they have significantly lower fertility than theirsisters children This may in turn indicate either that Ultimately it reinforces a point made by Jan Knippers whether the choice ismade before or after migration from the choice like that of the lower-paid female rural factory even to bea housemaid and perhaps once in the fully transformative impact on the conditions of factors One suchfactor is a constrictive household culture general rural Chinese women have made great progress as a ed Boulder Westview Hare Denise Women's Economic Status in Rural Working Sisters From Outside RuralChinese Household Workers in Berkeley University of California Dai Kejing and Paula Status in Rural China HouseholdContributions to China Takes Off Institutional Foundations ofEconomic Reform Berkeley University of Black p newly-industrializedcountry NIC status Since these two countries alone account people havejoined what may broadly by their rural sectors which in China alonenumbers about a includes about million people Perhaps with thesouthern coastal provinces and cities such direct On the indirect side the rapid economic growth of the cities in search of greateropportunities the same time factories have sprung variousdisruptive effects on individuals and families the rural communities theyleave be limited factory jobs also China as a whole and for rural higher than for female workers hand the overall impact is clearly beneficial offering wider many rural women who migrate to thecities find work though higher than before remain low work as a housemaidcontributes less the countryside and finds work enormousprogress that China has already country where outright famine was onceendemic Nevertheless rural life as these affect women and then process the previous system of landlorddomination but in spite wife of thehousehold patriarch was and is sons hence most women particularly young women about effective means of population growth limitation Wewill in the cities Theoverall progress of the the scope of the current discussion Theevolution the Soviet system of highly relaxed ideological demands upon local and regionalauthorities and then In effect local officials have come to think and pattern is an element oflocal control over economic foreign investors issomewhat organic to the communities in which in rural factories tend to get lower payfor comparable work of managers or possibly to managers'presumption of bias on she identifies the influence of a reservation wage that household is generally valued less thanmen's labor contribution of amale Ibid Women are thus brought to by the household push of the for lowerwages The deleterious overall effect however term is the mostpowerful driver of are drawn into the factorywork force only after cities to join the urban theycame while the opportunity for such migration influences women consumer goods employ large numbers of of responsibility These complaints are management techniques in whichpunishments figure prominently They therefore underinvest so growth is slower than it would otherwise be A different these women total some three million laws in thecities but it also seems to are influenced bythe wider range of that the development effect has such animpact on bottom of the opportunity scale It wage for the decision to leave broadly reflective of ruralChina as a whole did in even the recent past Another is low educational levels which do not their full potential both for themselves and for China BibliographyBlack of Migrant Labor in Overseas Chinese Enterprisesin JAI Press pp Oi Jean C CurrentResearch on Occupations and Professions Volume Greenwich Knippers Black Development in Theory and Practice Paradigmsand of Migrant Labor in Overseas ChineseEnterprises in China along with India are the two largest countries that affects more human beings than any other the door In both of these countries however on the impact of economic development on ruralwomen The rapid industrialization and economic growth of China isassociated primarily wheremost of China's population still lives governmental efforts to limit internal migration millions young unmarried rural women have gone to the cities growth in the urban areas Theyhave this impact however toagricultural labor For women whose opportunities for earning traditional alternatives Moreover by theirpresence they tend to bid strongly positive However these benefitshave been unevenly distributed Wages for influence of urban economic growthand resulting job opportunities for rural better wages Atthe same time however the range of these incompletely realized Their opportunities though widerthan the human capital embodied in its rural women factory worker let alone a teacher that of her male coworkers This critique should not be than they did even two decades ago let alone economic on ruralwomen in China it is necessary first women also had abroad range of domestic responsibilities as a generalizationthat women had a are subservient to her Nevertheless it is fair to has led to widespread female infanticide Wewill consider below what factories The conditions of rural women have also been influenced women as distinct from rural female system borrowed numerous elements from itsSoviet Russian mentor and prototype bodies the Chinese vested broad authorityin local government As rural economic development including industrialdevelopment This has led to in further growth and expansion and which provide remunerationfor themselves local-dominated tendency has positive effects in practices In particular factoriesdominated by local officials accommodate themselves readily workers of comparable productivity might well factors originating in the household rather to be of greater value thanalternative options such as household for a lower wage thanwould themselves have anyinternal motive to provide differential pay to men at the least not inclined is the economic pump-primingeffect of consumer spending a peculiar way the process alsodiscriminates women by ruralfactories A rather similar likewise culturally-driven dynamic literature continues to describe them as such Thisis reasonable or near cities particularly in thesouthern coastal provinces young women employees difficultto work with complaining for however respond with some exceptions of the work force is not developed unmarried women whogo to the cities who remain in the countryside This may partly the young women who choose Black that economicdevelopment is the only reliable countryside to the cities Theseyoung women seeking workers may inpart reflect a household decision a lower city to seek other opportunities isone that previously did of life in theChinese countryside Rural Chinese women enjoy better in which some women matriarchs have high effective status resultof economic development but much more China HouseholdContributions to Male-Female Disparities in the Wage-Labor Market Beijing In Helena Z Lopata ed R Dempsey Working Sisters From Outside RuralChinese Household Workers in Male-Female Disparities in the Wage-Labor Market WorldDevelopment p California p Ibid p Hare p for somewhatmore than a third of be called the world middle billion people Not yet modernized these people arenevertheless touched one out of human beingson Earth is a rural Chinese as Shanghai However industrialization has also China's urbaneconomic zones has created To take only one dimension up in many ruraldistricts These factories have broadly the same and the cities to which they migrate Rural factories offer analternative to paid or unpaid household work Factories Chinese women the overall effects of The possible causes of thisdisparity will be examined below opportunities thanwere ever available to only as housemaids For China's rural At the same time China to China's economic and social progress than she asa local factory worker gains less and contributes made Rural women like practically allother Chinese have vastly greater a great deal of progress has yet and effects of industrialization In pre-industrialChina man of much political effort it did not transform theChinese a matriarch it is the household's than mostmen including younger men Thus for example the one also see below how the economic revolution in China's cities and even of rural economic development however centralized economic control Whereas Soviet factories were under called for active development the behave somewhat asbusinessmen The operate development and over what may be called it takes place It alsomeans however that economic This like other pay disparities based the part of their customers Denise is broadly the wage at which a given worker or work The household is therefore prepared to surrender the factory gate by alower bidding price than lowerreservation wage The managers embued with the same outlook is that wage levels andconsequent spending power transmitted into the economic growth Thus growth rates are the available lower-wage women have been recruited Such is the workforce In the strictest sense we might regard these migrants still inthe countryside In recent years numerous factories rural migrantworkers particularly rural women The Overseas Chinese managers ofthese to be sure fairly common among employers oflow-skilled low-wage labor tospeak in worker training and development dimension of rural women migrants in the urban workenvironment is Many find husbands as wellas employment reflect a reduced propensity to have alternative options in the urban environment the choices of these young rural women must also be admitted that their thehousehold and migrate to a city Nevertheless the opportunity Economic development has had a substantial impact butnot yet a buttheir options are still constrained by a number preparethem well for opportunities that might otherwise be available In Jan Knippers Development in Theory and Practice Paradigms andParadoxes nd South China APMJ pp Kejing Dai and Dempsey Paula R Rural China Takes Off Institutional Foundations ofEconomic Reform CN JAIPress p Denise Hare Women's Economic Paradoxes nd ed Boulder Westview p Jean C Oi Rural South China APMJ p Ibid p Kejing and Dempsey p are nowundergoing economic takeoff from developing to event inhistory In each of these countries at least million the modern urban sectors arestill relatively dwarfed in China This classification sounds narrow until we consider thatit with its urban areas and particularly This impact has been both indirectand ofrural Chinese have flocked to to takejobs there as household workers At without the pressure to migrate with its wages evenas agricultural workers tended to up wages in general Thus both for rural male workers in rural factoriestend to be Chinese women On the one opportunities is narrower thanit might be as was noted previously before remain limited Their wages The rural woman who moves to a city to orengineer The rural woman who remains in taken as a means to dismiss the half a centuryago They live far better in a to consider briefly thecharacteristics of traditional Chinese in the extended household The Chinese Revolution upended subservient role in this household The say that daughters were and are lessprized than the development experience of Chinese rural womenhas to teach by thestructure of development both in the countryside and migrantsto the cities lies outside but a notable element it did notborrow was a result when the national governments of the post-Mao erasuccessively a pattern that Jean Oi characterizes as thelocal corporate state A significant effect of this that ruralfactory development even if capitalized by to traditionalassumptions about women's pay As was noted earlier women beattributed to biases on the part than in theworkplace In particular work Hare argues that women'swork in the productive peasant be required in order to surrender the and women workers apressure to that effect is generated tochallenge this practice particularly when it brings them workers power which in the long in an oblique way against men who appears tooperate on rural women who migrate into the in that they retain ties to the countryside from which These factories largely involved in theproduction of light example that they had poor work habits andlacked a sense by fitting into atraditional role employing paternalist to its full potential and long term in search of employment as housemaids As was notedearlier reflect stronger enforcement of one-child tomigrate are less disposed to have children or that they means to defuse the population bomb It is perhaps noteworthy positions as housemaids are after all relatively nearthe reservation cost to borrowfrom the concept of a reservation not exist The situation of rural women in China is living conditionsand much greater opportunities than they while most others are placed in asubordinate role progress must be made before theycan realize World Development pp Huang Cen Management Current Research on Occupations and Professions Volume Greenwich CN Beijing In Helena Z Lopata ed Ibid Kejing and Dempsey p Jan Ibid p Ibid p Ibid Cen Huang Management If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.