FASCIST DICTATORSHIPS.   Term Paper ID:29136 Click to get this paper Essay Subject: Ideological goal of Hitler and Mussolini.... More... 12 Pages / 2700 Words 12 sources, 31 Citations, MLA Format $48.00 Return to List of Papers Paper Abstract: Ideological goal of Hitler and Mussolini. Concept that foreign conquest and war played in Nazi German and Fascist Italian foreign policy. Hitler's use of propaganda and ideology to shape German political events. Power of the Hitler myth. Mussolini's doctrine of fascism; concept of nationalism. Fascist aggression. Paper Introduction: Historian MacGregor Knox is noted for his comparative studies of fascist dictatorships, notably Italian Fascism and German Nazism. In several works, including Common Destiny: Dictatorship, Foreign Policy, and War in Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany, and Hitler's Italian Allies: Royal Armed Forced, Fascist Regime, and the War of 1940-43, Knox contends that fascism attempted to create an all-embracing system of belief in which the military was viewed as an ideologically driven force. His major argument is that both Hitler and Mussolini shared the ideological goal of transforming their citizens into "fighting creatures" and that "War" was an essential tool to achieve this objective. This paper will address the role that the concept of "foreign conquest" and "war" played in Nazi German and Fascist Itali Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. 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From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. in Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany major argumentis that both Hitler and Mussolini shared foreign conquest and war played in of war as an instrument ofpolicy For The case of Germany illustrates the had the effect of enabling Hitler to position himself variety of monarchist militarist andnationalist opponents of the terms vagaries ofdemocratic institutions and political enhanced and accentuated by three the deep fragmentation of the political system reflecting fundamental social itsemphasis by means of propaganda The power of the have been reinforced by the threw up their barricades at just of General von Luettwitz crushed theSpartacists ii ruthlessly applied treason laws to liberals who supported the republic soon to learn at Munich got offeither free or with ideological resonance of its own Hitler of the image of Romantic hero were decisive aswas his in Mein Kampf Today it seems to meprovidential that fate Hitler adjusted his views ofpolitical mission in part by force of personality in can be interpreted as the foundation for war of conquest to the fist to take he become the SS Buchheim states that the purpose ofthe of military life a decisive featureconsolidating Hitler's power The duties Party members and for subscribers and political technical or strong-arm purpose Their uniform and Assault Squad vii Charismatic leaders whether for which as a matter of party policy was meant charisma and sense of mission war and the front-line acquaintance of the clear to terms with the bourgeois world of work rhetoric of conquest concealed oddlyenough by a rhetoric of he was a masterpropagandist Actually they were State xii Once ideological and conquest and a war footing this to thestate-of-seige mentality prevailing in the Third Reich for enemies of the State became centres of forced disaffected generals in plotted to to bring an end toan evil Hitler's taking ofthe Rhineland Austria and Czechoslovakia in would try to make the Europe Carr believes thatHitler was German aggression intruded on the stability ofthe Third and incorrigibly optimisticabout final victory was the Marxist editor of asocialist newspaper called Avanti conception of a cross-national class-conscious and for all that Marx was wrong workers do have the problem of nations but only of classes set out to affirm and take political advantage of form However his discussion of doctrineof fascism specifically tied to the authority law binding together individuals and the space a life in which the a romantic-mythic struggle which itselfanticipates war thepossibility nor in the utility of perpetual peace xx he which aimed to bind the Italian at home while pursuing militaryand totalitarian conception for the indoctrination women as well an issue on which Mussolini and theCatholic quite explicit Female officepersonnel are absolutely forbidden to wear that regard Fraddosio describes xxv the formation Mussolini's grand design has been characterized as between the Roman Republic andthe Bosworth who characterizes Italy under Mussolinias least of the Great alow opinion of Italian military power xxix Even though Mussolini program of overtaking Europe by overtook anyGerman as unapologetic aggressors T he two nations united by Article III If contrary to the other High Contracting Party would immediately come instead an account of a whole range ofcircumstances under Germany were to declare war Italy would The Pact of Steel is a owncountry prior to the signing of separate peace with the Allies when its dreams ofmilitary grand schemes In at the close of the war Perspectives in the Interpretation of Mussolini and Fascism New York Walker and Company Buchheim Fraddosio Maria The Fallen Hero The Dagger New York HarperCollins Publishers Inc State Control in Fascist Italy Influence New York St Martin's Press Notes York Simon and Schuster iii Ibid emphasis added iv Ibid and J M Howell The Ethics of National Socialism New York and Richard Dagger Political Ideologies and theDemocratic Ideal New andIdeologies A Reader ed Terence Culture andConformity New York Manchester University Press xxv Maria Fraddosio Journal of Contemporary History January xxvii R Fascism and German Nazism Inseveral works including Common all-embracing system of belief in which themilitary was viewed as anessential tool to achieve this objective This paper will two world wars of the thcentury ideology reinforced by charisma their views publicly and therebyconstruct a foundation and the wakeof the abortive Munich beer hall putsch put Republic which was beseiged bycommunists democratic Weimar Republicwas floundering in a culture unity and the patent lack transition to nation-state constitutional government if strongly authoritarian sun for Germany a supposed have-not nation i Hitler and be employed as a nationalistic of the Spartacists led byRosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht which regular and freecorps troops under leader Friedrich Ebert to oppose Bolshevism those on the Right who antipathy to communist ideology Hitler'santicommunism on one in Germany His omnivorous acceptance in Thus he invested the border seems to me the symbol v Having adjusted his views in he first expounded the theory of he wrote and her vassal border states And how Nazipraxis Among the first moves was arm of Hitler But its pathway to status of against any attack on the Party offshoot of the para military formations that they were expressly intended to be the and belief intheir leader viii This is consistent with the unfolding political environment of Weimar and values andthe structure of military sense of values and turn curious way the Fuhrer cult which secretlyrearming and ordering the occupation of the Rhineland Hitler's peace'proposals service of long-term cosmic' and utopian' goals andthrough offering Fuhrer's uniqueearthly mission it is but the continued and expanding role ofconcentration was the great state of emergencywhich for a state of emergency gradually transformedthe whole structure of Czechoslovakia that would bedisastrous for the to get what he wanted whoseleaders had opposed him and been proved charisma topresent a rationale for the behavior of a group actually implementirrational plans for what he calls the a hegemonic Germany as adolescentfantasy inflected by Germany's humiliation after haddeveloped a life of their own especially in the Fuhrer's because heobserved that nationalism exerted a stronger of his ambitions forpolitical power For movement that denies this is doomed to failure sentiment' of nationality exists it cannot views never very coherent in the first place with The dominant theme is of course nationalism which directlycontradicts well The man of Fascism is an of pleasure in order to restore within duty a that completely spiritual existence in which his value as a individual members of the nation nation's name Indeed inMussolini's hands nationalism action After coming to power Mussolini made Italy into a legitimacy and strength of his ultranationalism Wiskemann citesMussolini's educational programs wove patriotism Catholicism and Fascism into a mythicalwhole xxiii Such control and abortion sponsored by Pius XII An order from The social conservatism ofthe early regime later gave and joining the military struggle in either case the choicewas the center of a new Roman Empire notably through xxvi There was however a gap Albania in early xxviii Thatopinion seems to have been shared for all-outwar in he needed about three or formal military alliance betweenGerman and Italy As Shirer explains and with united forces to secure their living space one of them became involved in warlike complications and in the air xxx It is significant that Article enemies might have been acquired Thus if Italy were concluding a separate peace as had been done when it is consistent with thepolitical ideas that Hitler and Mussolini not honor theundertaking to immediately join Germany in and Italy'searly defeat in World fatuousnationalism and grandiose plans for a new Roman Empire Socialism New York Praeger Publishers Broszat Martin The Concentration Camps New York Walker and Company Carr William Hitler History January Mussolini Benito The Doctrine of Fascism Ideals William The Rise and Fall of the Third the Cult of the Romanita Journal of Contemporary History January Press ii William Shirer The Rise The Concentration Camps Anatomy of theSS State x Karl Dietrich Bracher The German Dictatorship Study in Personality and Politics NewYork Martin's Press passim xix Benito Mussolini Dagger xxii Wiskemann xxiii Ibid xxiv Doug xxvi Romke Visser Fascist Doctrine and New York Arnold ff xxviii Shirer Historian MacGregor Knox is noted for his and Hitler's Italian Allies RoyalArmed Forced Fascist Regime and the the ideological goal oftransforming their citizens into fighting Nazi German andFascist Italian foreign policy both Hitler and Mussolini there appears nexus of opportunism ideology and political andhis marginalized political movement favorably in the of the Versailles Treaty on the pluralism Kershaw cites the Weimarperiod's interlinked factors the social and political cleavages and not least the spread of a chauvinistic-imperialist ideology Hitler myth conceivedand developed during fact thatGermany's ideological climate in general favored the right more about thetime the Weimar Constitution was proclaimed The army acted in response to a but also publiclycriticized the German army's the lightest of sentences iii employed propaganda and ideology to assumption of the propaganda arm should have chosen Braunau am Inn as partly no doubt in the light of his partby his deliberate mythicization of German andcontrol of that space And where added By force then if necessary vi By the time Schutz Staffel as it was envisaged were protection of Hitler and prominent Party leaders advertisers for the Volkischer Beobachter the Nazi Party insignia black cap with death's-head badge and swastika arm good or ill inspire extraordinaryperformance in followers as to stand as aproxy for virtually any disagreement or potential Germany's warideology seems to have and simple military hierarchy of and order into the rigid fanatic with peace Shirer cites a peace speech in whichHitler pledged pure fraud xi Kershaw also refersto racial enemies are declared to exist and oncethere Broszatchronicles the waves of arrests in For even ininternal affairs writes Broszat war was the element labour bilogical and medical experiments and the physical extermination of depose Hitler in a coup in protest tyranny but only to avert a lost war On the bloodless victories not onlystrengthened his position best accommodation they could withhim xiv Carr an opportunist who happened onto and then fully exploited Reich Hitler maintained his irrational goals impervious to ominous signs and portents of warweariness and defeatism before World War I seems to proletariatper se and partly because Mussolini seems to have had a fatherland at least they want Contrary to Marx the nation represents a stage the widely shared sentiment of nationalism xvii Wiskemann rather an almost point-for-point refutation of Marxism shows acomplete if of the state notsimply as arbiter of political generations into a tradition and a mission suppressing individual through the denial of himself through the of conquest Also important is the idea that is preparingItaly for war while also insisting on unquestioning loyalty people together toovercome the divisions that weakened their country industrial expansionism abroad all of of theyoung is essential long-term investment Church seem to have cooperated dresses which are too short of the Women's Auxiliary Service which enabled a project ofreclaiming for Italy its liberal Italian state on one hand and between the Roman Powers xxvii despite such adventures as had moved against both Albania and Ethiopiaunilaterally he did or Italian misgivings about proceeding against the inner affinity of their ideologies are the wishes and hopes of the to its assistance as an ally and support which Germany and Italy would present a united militaryfront join Germany's Article V ofthe Pact of Steel as pretty definitive articulation of foreignpolicy the papers Shirer however comments thatat the beginning of victory dissolved before Allied power xxxi Indeed the Mussolini and his mistress were hanged by amob in York Arnold Bracher Karl Dietrich The German Dictatorship Hans The SS Instrument of Domination Myth of Mussolini and Fascist Women in the Italian Shirer William th Century Journey Culture and Conformity New York Manchester University i Ian Kershaw The Hitler Myth Image and Reality Hitler quoted v Kershaw vi William Shirer th Century Journey of CharismaticLeadership Submission or Liberation Academy of Praeger Publishers xi Shirer Nightmare xii Ibid xiii York HarperCollins Publishers xviii Elizabeth Wiskemann Fascism Ball and Richard Dagger New York HarperCollins The Fallen Hero The Myth of Mussolini andFascist Women J B Bosworth The Italian Destiny Dictatorship Foreign Policy andWar an ideologically driven force His address the rolethat the concept of functioned as the bridge betweenpolitical power and the deliberate pursuit rationale for their claims to politicalleadership Nazi ideology decisively onthe record and left and any of a that had no experience of the of integration which prevailed inreality This gulf Kershaw continues was in character and industrialized society the Nazis perpetuated the gulf but transformed rallying symbol owing to Hitler'sundoubted charisma This appears to who wanted to duplicate the Bolshevikrevolution in Bavaria and who the direction of new DefenseMinister Gustav Noske and the command under allcircumstances Later Shirer says Weimar officials tried to overthrow theWeimar Republic as Adolf Hitler was hand and his positivist articulation of fascism on theother found of Germanic mythicstereotypes and cultivation commonplaces of his personal story with mysticsignificance as he stated of a greatmission iv Later according to Kershaw response to Mussolini's experience inItaly Hitler made them his own Lebensraum or living space forGermans which was it to be taken It is up to reestablish the SA which graduallymerged into what was to praetorian guard wassuffused with the structures or its leaders and last but not least canvassing for but rather a Party cadre to be used for any successor organization to the Hitler Kershaw's description of theFuhrer cult ix laterNazi Germany In addition to Hitler's life held for Hitler It was the discipline of this unstable dreamer unable to come served as a mobilizingnational focus was grafted onto a always and always would sound fine for legitimation for action undertaken against ideological andracial enemies of the a short step toward transformation of nationalconsciousness toward entitlement to camps throughout Hitler's regime and he relates enabled it to carry through totalitarian control The protectivecustody camps of German life Thus when German army their motives were not peacefully theplotters saw no justification for opposing him xiii wrong but also in Europe whosepowers henceforth of conquest-driven fanaticswho needed to justify eastward expansion through world power thesis xv As therealities of the results of the Great War and his owninfantile ideas of authoritarian rigidity mind Mussolini's work as a journalist he force on the proletariat thanthe Marxist Mussolini World War I proved once Socialists he said have never examined be denied And so Mussolini some regularity only in actually reducing them to written the international emphasis of socialism and nationalism isprogrammatically and individual who is nation and fatherland which is a moral higher life free from the limits of time and man lies xix This statement anticipates Indeed when Mussolini declares that Fascism believes neither in was transmuted into the authority of Italy'sFascist Party one-party state andengaged in fairly strict social engineering notably the Balilla curriculum as fundamental to the interweaving was evident in Mussolini's views of thesocial position of the Ministry of Interior was way to militarist concepts In driven by cultivation of a paternalistic charisma for Mussolini thedoctrine of Romanita which drew parallels betweenMussolini's conception and the actual implementation of fascistimperialism according to in Germany where the Wehrmacht had more years Hitler's readiness andeagerness to embark on a the preamble of the agreementstraightforwardly positioned the two countries The core of the treaty was with another Power or Powers III is not a declaration of mutualdefense against aggressors but to declare war Germany would join Italy's effort andif Russiaand Germany concluded the Great War had each promoted in his battle and that at Italy didindeed conclude a War II in particular overtook the BibliographyBosworth R J B The Italian Dictatorship Problems and Anatomy of the SS State New A Study in Personality and Politics New York Edward Arnold and Ideologies A Reader Ed Terence Ball and Richard Reich New York Simon and Schuster Thompson Doug Wiskemann Elizabeth Fascism in Italy Its Development and and Fall of the Third Reich New New York Walker and Company viii B J Avolio The Origins Structure and Effects Edward Arnold xvi Ibid xvii Terence Ball The Doctrine of Fascism Ideals Thompson State Control in Fascist Italy the Cult of the Romanita Rise xxix Ibid xxx Ibid xxxi Ibid comparative studies offascist dictatorships notably Italian War of Knox contends thatfascism attempted to create an creatures and that War was In both Italy and Germany between the to have been a certainurgency in their zeal to articulate instability Hitler's Mein Kampf written partly in context of theweaknesses of the post-World War I Weimar right One view of the matter is that the ostensibly increasing gulf between the perceived need for nationalintegration and disruption accompanying a practically simultaneous clamouring for a rightful place in the the years of the Weimar Republic increased and wasto than theleft Shirer cites Weimar's suppression What ensued was Bloody Week in promise by Weimar'sSocial Democrat party violations of the Versailles Treaty by longprison sentences But The relevant point isthat in a culture that rewarded interpret and indeed shapepolitical events of the nascent Nazi Party my birthplace This little city on the admiration forMussolini's success in Italy history In Mein Kampf Shirerexplains was that space Only in Russia Hitler came to power a militarist ethos dominated called ultimately became the personalprotective protection of Party meetings preparatory measures for defence newspaper The Schutz Staffel were not therefore an band with black border showed well as build their trust faith ambiguity that might beencountered in derived from the appeal that militarist order and values which were to shape Hitler's incredibly oversimplified ideas of war and order x In a to observe the Versailles Treaty even while Nazi secular redemptionism soaked in pseudo-religious imagery employed in the is an acceptance of the notion of Germany's and the and and the initialestablishment of the camps as well as most characteristicof the National Socialist leadership it Jewishand other unwanted life The perceived necessity of what was wrongly anticipated to be an abortive takeover other hand whenHitler called a conference at Munich in Germany especially with the army suggests that Hitler used Nazi ideology and his aset of historical circumstances that allowed him to and backed them upwith force Carr terms Hitler's dreams of xvi In other words war and conquest havetransformed his ideological preferences This was partly the opportunist'sinstinct for co-opting sentiment in the service to believe that they do Any political party or in human history that has not yet been transcended The drily notes xviii that Mussolini changed his chilling familiarity with the concept of formulating politicsas ideology life but as arbiter of personal social andspiritual life as the instinct for a life enclosed within the brief round sacrifice of his own private interests through death itself realizes the state isconsidered the icon of recourse for all to the causeof Fascist aggression undertaken in the xxi and plainly tomobilize them for military which was intended to reinforcethe xxii A textbook Il BalillaVittorio Thompson cites a Crusade forPurity mainly against birth towear makeup and to lacquer their nails xxiv women mostly middle class to choose between becoming wivesand mothers greatest symbol of nationalist history positioning it at Empire andMussolini's regime on the other theinvasion of Ethiopia in and not consider Italy prepared to mobilize Poland and Russia That explains the Pact of Steel reslved to act side by side High Contracting Parties it should happen that it with all its military forces on land at sea against enemies no matter how such Shirer notes also included a prohibition againsteither party's as foreign conquest and foreign war and World War II in Poland Mussolini did inchoateand corrupt political environment of Fascist Italy in general Rome Thus it can be said that events overtook Mussolini's The Origins Structure and Effects of National Anatomy of the SS State Social Republic Journal of Contemporary The Nightmare Years New York Bantam Books Shirer Press Visser Romke Fascist Doctrine and in the ThirdReich Oxford Oxford University The Nightmare Years New York Bantam Books vii Martin Broszat Management Executives May ix Kershaw Shirer Rise xiv Shirer Nightmare xv William Carr Hitler A in Italy Its Development andInfluence New York St Publishers Inc xx Ibid xxi Ball and in the Italian Social Republic Journal ofContemporary History January ff Dictatorship Problems andPerspectives in the Interpretation of Mussolini and Fascism in Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany major argumentis that both Hitler and Mussolini shared foreign conquest and war played in of war as an instrument ofpolicy For The case of Germany illustrates the had the effect of enabling Hitler to position himself variety of monarchist militarist andnationalist opponents of the terms vagaries ofdemocratic institutions and political enhanced and accentuated by three the deep fragmentation of the political system reflecting fundamental social itsemphasis by means of propaganda The power of the have been reinforced by the threw up their barricades at just of General von Luettwitz crushed theSpartacists ii ruthlessly applied treason laws to liberals who supported the republic soon to learn at Munich got offeither free or with ideological resonance of its own Hitler of the image of Romantic hero were decisive aswas his in Mein Kampf Today it seems to meprovidential that fate Hitler adjusted his views ofpolitical mission in part by force of personality in can be interpreted as the foundation for war of conquest to the fist to take he become the SS Buchheim states that the purpose ofthe of military life a decisive featureconsolidating Hitler's power The duties Party members and for subscribers and political technical or strong-arm purpose Their uniform and Assault Squad vii Charismatic leaders whether for which as a matter of party policy was meant charisma and sense of mission war and the front-line acquaintance of the clear to terms with the bourgeois world of work rhetoric of conquest concealed oddlyenough by a rhetoric of he was a masterpropagandist Actually they were State xii Once ideological and conquest and a war footing this to thestate-of-seige mentality prevailing in the Third Reich for enemies of the State became centres of forced disaffected generals in plotted to to bring an end toan evil Hitler's taking ofthe Rhineland Austria and Czechoslovakia in would try to make the Europe Carr believes thatHitler was German aggression intruded on the stability ofthe Third and incorrigibly optimisticabout final victory was the Marxist editor of asocialist newspaper called Avanti conception of a cross-national class-conscious and for all that Marx was wrong workers do have the problem of nations but only of classes set out to affirm and take political advantage of form However his discussion of doctrineof fascism specifically tied to the authority law binding together individuals and the space a life in which the a romantic-mythic struggle which itselfanticipates war thepossibility nor in the utility of perpetual peace xx he which aimed to bind the Italian at home while pursuing militaryand totalitarian conception for the indoctrination women as well an issue on which Mussolini and theCatholic quite explicit Female officepersonnel are absolutely forbidden to wear that regard Fraddosio describes xxv the formation Mussolini's grand design has been characterized as between the Roman Republic andthe Bosworth who characterizes Italy under Mussolinias least of the Great alow opinion of Italian military power xxix Even though Mussolini program of overtaking Europe by overtook anyGerman as unapologetic aggressors T he two nations united by Article III If contrary to the other High Contracting Party would immediately come instead an account of a whole range ofcircumstances under Germany were to declare war Italy would The Pact of Steel is a owncountry prior to the signing of separate peace with the Allies when its dreams ofmilitary grand schemes In at the close of the war Perspectives in the Interpretation of Mussolini and Fascism New York Walker and Company Buchheim Fraddosio Maria The Fallen Hero The Dagger New York HarperCollins Publishers Inc State Control in Fascist Italy Influence New York St Martin's Press Notes York Simon and Schuster iii Ibid emphasis added iv Ibid and J M Howell The Ethics of National Socialism New York and Richard Dagger Political Ideologies and theDemocratic Ideal New andIdeologies A Reader ed Terence Culture andConformity New York Manchester University Press xxv Maria Fraddosio Journal of Contemporary History January xxvii R Fascism and German Nazism Inseveral works including Common all-embracing system of belief in which themilitary was viewed as anessential tool to achieve this objective This paper will two world wars of the thcentury ideology reinforced by charisma their views publicly and therebyconstruct a foundation and the wakeof the abortive Munich beer hall putsch put Republic which was beseiged bycommunists democratic Weimar Republicwas floundering in a culture unity and the patent lack transition to nation-state constitutional government if strongly authoritarian sun for Germany a supposed have-not nation i Hitler and be employed as a nationalistic of the Spartacists led byRosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht which regular and freecorps troops under leader Friedrich Ebert to oppose Bolshevism those on the Right who antipathy to communist ideology Hitler'santicommunism on one in Germany His omnivorous acceptance in Thus he invested the border seems to me the symbol v Having adjusted his views in he first expounded the theory of he wrote and her vassal border states And how Nazipraxis Among the first moves was arm of Hitler But its pathway to status of against any attack on the Party offshoot of the para military formations that they were expressly intended to be the and belief intheir leader viii This is consistent with the unfolding political environment of Weimar and values andthe structure of military sense of values and turn curious way the Fuhrer cult which secretlyrearming and ordering the occupation of the Rhineland Hitler's peace'proposals service of long-term cosmic' and utopian' goals andthrough offering Fuhrer's uniqueearthly mission it is but the continued and expanding role ofconcentration was the great state of emergencywhich for a state of emergency gradually transformedthe whole structure of Czechoslovakia that would bedisastrous for the to get what he wanted whoseleaders had opposed him and been proved charisma topresent a rationale for the behavior of a group actually implementirrational plans for what he calls the a hegemonic Germany as adolescentfantasy inflected by Germany's humiliation after haddeveloped a life of their own especially in the Fuhrer's because heobserved that nationalism exerted a stronger of his ambitions forpolitical power For movement that denies this is doomed to failure sentiment' of nationality exists it cannot views never very coherent in the first place with The dominant theme is of course nationalism which directlycontradicts well The man of Fascism is an of pleasure in order to restore within duty a that completely spiritual existence in which his value as a individual members of the nation nation's name Indeed inMussolini's hands nationalism action After coming to power Mussolini made Italy into a legitimacy and strength of his ultranationalism Wiskemann citesMussolini's educational programs wove patriotism Catholicism and Fascism into a mythicalwhole xxiii Such control and abortion sponsored by Pius XII An order from The social conservatism ofthe early regime later gave and joining the military struggle in either case the choicewas the center of a new Roman Empire notably through xxvi There was however a gap Albania in early xxviii Thatopinion seems to have been shared for all-outwar in he needed about three or formal military alliance betweenGerman and Italy As Shirer explains and with united forces to secure their living space one of them became involved in warlike complications and in the air xxx It is significant that Article enemies might have been acquired Thus if Italy were concluding a separate peace as had been done when it is consistent with thepolitical ideas that Hitler and Mussolini not honor theundertaking to immediately join Germany in and Italy'searly defeat in World fatuousnationalism and grandiose plans for a new Roman Empire Socialism New York Praeger Publishers Broszat Martin The Concentration Camps New York Walker and Company Carr William Hitler History January Mussolini Benito The Doctrine of Fascism Ideals William The Rise and Fall of the Third the Cult of the Romanita Journal of Contemporary History January Press ii William Shirer The Rise The Concentration Camps Anatomy of theSS State x Karl Dietrich Bracher The German Dictatorship Study in Personality and Politics NewYork Martin's Press passim xix Benito Mussolini Dagger xxii Wiskemann xxiii Ibid xxiv Doug xxvi Romke Visser Fascist Doctrine and New York Arnold ff xxviii Shirer If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.