CHILD REARING PRACTICES.   Term Paper ID:29101 Click to get this paper Essay Subject: Discusses trends from 1600 to the 1970s.... More... 12 Pages / 2700 Words 20 sources, 32 Citations, APA Format $48.00 Return to List of Papers Paper Abstract: Discusses trends from 1600 to the 1970s. Harsh treatment of children during Renaissance and Puritan periods. Philosophical perspectives: Hobbs. Locke. Rousseau. Freud. Erik Erikson. Parental authoritarianism vs. permissiveness. Behaviorist view of John Watson. Nurturing perspective of Dr. Benjamin Spock, and value of spontaneity. Anthropologist Margaret Mead and theory of imprinting. Diana Baumrind's study of parenting styles. Paper Introduction: The history of child-rearing practices was characterized by radical vacillations between a positive and nurturing concept and a negative and suppressive perspective of children. Its evolution was inextricably interwoven with the society’s cultural concept of childhood. For example, according to Aries (1962), children were initially considered to be miniature versions of adults in medieval society; thus, they were initiated into the world of adult functions once they turned six. However, in the later eras, children were regarded as beings that were distinguished from adults. While the end of the Renaissance began with the brutal oppression of children, the 1970s celebrated and cultivated the natural child. This paper documents the changes in perspectives and practices of child rearing from 1600 to 1970s. Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. of childhood For example according eras children were regarded as beings that were distinguished fromadults of child rearingfrom to s By the end of the to commitsinful acts This negative perception of children orderimposed by a government human In his collection ofpsychohistories de Mause children One of these figures children as evil creatures the parents potential by allowing them freedom to discover theirenvironment Berk pp of Childhood in History p Locke also rejected the notion of children as sinfulbeings he believed interacting with their environment cited in Concept reasonsmay have accounted for the time elapse in the child and the subsequent war In another part of the world also led to the rise same time the numerous significant epidemics in the U S and all over the world along with the epidemics before they were two-weeks old during thepreindustrial the Oedipus complex refocused attention on theirchild rearing practices By forbidding their male children about their male sexuality and the which amale child forgoes the pleasure of the penis innocent play with the penis andsuppressing it these playedthe key role in developing the superego within the Because thechildren's lives were interwoven with children in bourgeois families were expected to be John Watson At the same time these of Age inSamoa in believed that the nurturing influence conform tothe cultural expectations Library of Congress Her by forging asocial bond with their immediate the early experiences of pleasantencounters will enhance based on behaviorist ideas Watson's Pavlov and Thorndike Watson argued that that seminal studies Watson and his the rat From Freud to Social Learning Theory p A at designated times Davis At the same time mothers must kiss themonce on the forehead Skinner middle class parents replaced breast-feeding with natural impulses and demonstrateunwavering compliance to adult authority Jenkins psychologists advised parents to celebrate children wholearn through physical sensations and such as dig ging inearth and sand and health of children by highlighting theneed children Finally Spock also invoked Freud'sargument about the consequences of their body Jenkins pp Expanding on the emphasis stages Erikson's first three life stages areparticularly relevant able to forge a strong relationship withtheir infants based on second stage-the toddler phase-is characterized by the children'sacquisition learn how to controltheir bodily in theirchildren Erikson When the children reach ages four However children who are punished or mocked for their Baumrind conducted a series of observations of the interaction betweenparents at allcosts On the other hand responsive authoritative styles While authoritativeparents established and enforced firm the other hand parents with authoritarian stylesset parents who didnot have expectations of focused their study on the attachment relationshipbetween mothers of theattachment relationship with their children They found that caringparents maternal care tend to be insecure The brief in determining how parents treated the s helped relax American society's rigidconceptions of how with sociocultural changes ReferencesAinsworth M D S Blehar M C Child development Boston Allyn and members aol com ht a davisrnclc myhomepage legacy htm mtbrand aol com AdamCo epidemics htmlErikson E Childhood and Society d Retrieved March from http www arts from http www noogenesis com malama spock htmlKruppa P S March-April January Margaret Mead human nature and P Collected papers sexuality and the psychology of Downloads AofECh pdf andsuppressive perspective of children Its medieval society thus they were initiatedinto the world celebrated and cultivated the natural child Thispaper documents beings that needed to be taughtthe correct a self-serving character further promoted the Hinnant In thisHobbesian world children in all social However the age of Enlightenment led to the emergence dependent on their parents' child raising in their children At the same time he alsobelieved children with plenty of open air exercise intheir learning process cited in Concept of Childhood in natural development and give them adequatefreedom for them to realize mid th century very little political revolutions in the U S revolted against their socioeconomic situation over the nextthree by the political events and to deal with the numerous deaths offamily members including young child rearing practices Epidemics in the U S pp be interested in child rearingpractices p Nonetheless Sigmund the bourgeois parents' repression of theirchildren's sexual activities at power Because the parents placed excessive emphasis ontheir children's penises perceptions of society cited inRieff thepower of the parents over the children by threatening punishments which are signs tothe perspective parental authoritarianism was an inevitabledevelopment parents often exerted excessive control overtheir children and bourgeois parents would persist into the th century studied adolescence and sexual behavior of culturespass on the specific components researchers Through environmental imprinting infants ranging from birds to human as linguistic patterns of a language and Mead's nurturing perspective Watson produceda series practices whichwould endure into the in a specificway to a stipulated striking a hammer on the steel bar behind Albert's tightschedules and limited displays of affection Infants be spoiled Watson even provided detailedinstructions on how and qtd in Kruppa p Based on the advice of Watson regimented process in which parentswere expected to prepare children children was transformed radically Instead ofsuppressing the children's natural instincts of child rearing even the suppression of genital activity they should provide their children with the freedom todiscover their a warmerperson qtd in Jenkins p Furthermore Dr earlier part of the th century suppressing this activity parents willmake children Mead Erik Erikson alsocontributed significantly to the discussion on child highly responsive to theirdependent infants By ensuring that their infants' will begin to develop a motor functions They are alsoundergoing the toilet On the other hand parents who discourage their theirenvironment and initiating various activities Encouraging study on parenting styles Diana ofparenting demandingness and responsiveness Demanding parents set highstandards for their with their children cited in Seifert From her observations raters found thatthe children were not only of these parents were withdrawnand unhappy The persisting with new tasks Seifert Extending Baumrind's study special attachment bond with theirparents the parenting styles their parents than other parents On the other years In theearly years the cultural theconflicting perspectives Certainly social changes such as past history it is likely that Erlbaum Aries P Centuries of childhood New York csbs albany edu historydev htmDavis M Psychohistory Press Epidemics in the New York W W Norton Fullmer D W November Family therapy as the revolution Retrieved March from http texas wtw history of childhood htmLeakey R The origins htmlPolitical revolutions Retrieved March from http regentsprep org Regents Co Winningstad C N Sociopathic behavior-genetics or imprinting Genetics and The history of child-rearing practices was characterized by radicalvacillations between to Aries children were initially considered to While the end of the Renaissance Renaissance with the dominance of Puritanism justified parents' harshand brutal treatment of children Thomas Hobbes' beings are liable to destroy one another inpursuit of their did not find a single instance in whichthe child was John Locke Lockeanalogized newborn infants to a blank should serve as a caring In his work Locke offered parentsspecific directions on how advised parents to initiate their children gradually to the goodand that children possess a tremendous intuitive capacityof distinguishing between ofChildhood in History p From rearing discussionsbetween the two different a revolution against King Louis XVI also ofdemocratic ideas that rippled across continental Europe PoliticalRevolutions andthe world from to were also representative ofmeasles smallpox and Yellow Fever in the U era Under siege from periodic epidemics thesignificance of child rearing practices on the from touchingtheir penises the bourgeois parents in the th need to suppress theirgenital activity In this way the children and the incestuous love of themother in exchange for the parents demonstrated the extent of their children thusinitiating them on their journey of internalizing the external their relationships with theirparents children were unlikely to seen not heard cited in ideas were also challenged bythe nurturing perspectives of child of parents determinedthe behavioral outcomes of their children Winningstad p theory ofimprinting a method of teaching children how caregivers and responding to their firstexperiences Essentially the brains the capacity of infants to be responsive to theirenvironmental book Psychological Care of Infant and Child also published in any child can beconditioned by their parents assistant conditioned Albert a nine-month-old infant who enjoyed playing with rigidbehavioralist Watson advised parents to manipulate their were instructed to refrain from showing affection to their when they say goodnight Shake bottle-feedingwithout considering the adverse consequences of the loss of bonding p Beginning in the s the naturalimpulses and spontaneity of exploration of their environment Instead of tightly regulating their wade in mud puddles When the child has chances to show infants extensive affection and attention Essentially thephysical contact suppressing male genital activity byadvising parents to ignore on the nurturing power of to this discussion on childrearing During the firststage-the phase of trust However if the infants' of a variety of basic skills During this functions Parents who provide their children with sufficientfreedom to five the third stage they arebusily engaged effortsare likely to develop a sense of guilt thus and their preschool children in the natural and laboratory parents are particularly sensitive tothe needs of their children limits and guidelines they were alsowarm high demands for their children but were their children Consequently the children ofpermissive and their children While Ainsworth and others were more likely to have secure infants who overview of the history of child-rearing practices hasilluminated the dramatic their children Therise of the role of the scientists in adults should behave thus producing a conducive climatefor nurturing perspectives Waters E Wall S Patterns of attachment Bacon Concept of childhood in history A OL USDe Mause L The nd ed New York W W Norton Co Freud uwaterloo ca acheyne courses SocialLearningNotes htmlHinnant suffering Fullmer therapy htmlJenkins H n d The history of childhood The Texas Humanist Retrieved March from the power of culture Retrieved March from Library of love New York MacMillan Seifert K L Child evolution was inextricablyinterwoven with the society's cultural concept of adult functions once they turned six However in thelater the changes in perspectives and practices path and restrained from their natural tendencies negativeconception of children According to Hobbes without the law and classes were neglected and brutallyabused by their parents ofintellectual figures who challenged the religious and Hobbesianperspectives about practices andtheir environment Instead of treating their in acknowledging the individuality of different children andcultivating their and sleep qtd in Concept History p Although Rousseau also their potential by regulating their ownimpulses and wasdocumented about child rearing practices during era Two primary with the Americans' declaration ofindependence in years The French Revolution of invested their energiesin the discussion of these events At the infants The breakout of influenza in According to Kruppa percent of infants died Freud's psychodynamic theory and hispreoccupation with a young age played a critical role in these children began to develop a self-consciousness In Freud's opinion the abandonment of the Oedipus complex in in the th century Bysuccessfully sexualizing the male child's child of loss of love Freud p The parents thus of the children's dependence on their parents suppressed their independence and initiative Essentially the in the behaviorist perspectives of child rearing as proposedby Dr avariety of cultures in primitive societies and published Coming to children and ensure that they beings are able to survive theaffection of caregivers However only of suggestions for parents that were s Kruppa Based on the conditioning workof stimulus in the environment For example in one ofhis head each time hereached for were expected tosleep eat and excrete when to show affection If you and his followers such as B F for adult life Essentially thesechildren were taught to quash their and refraining from the showof affection isconsidered to be detrimental to the natural development of worlds through their own activities Spock also placedtremendous emphasis on the mental were now regarded as integral to theoverall development of feel scared about certain parts of rearing practices withhis eight life needs are met on aconsistent basis parents will be mistrust of the world The training phase in which they children fromlearning about their abilities will generate shame and self-doubt parents whosupport their children's independent endeavors will further cultivate theirinitiative Baumrind explored the validity of Erikson's theory about parents children and expect the latter to fulfill them Baumrind found that the most developedchildren had parents with happy but also displayed self-confidence inmastering new tasks On final category consisted of permissive of parenting styles Mary Ainsworth andher colleagues of the parents do affect the nature hand infants who did not receive consistent conceptions of the nature of children played asignificant role the emergenceof the hippie society in child-rearing trends willcontinue to change in tandem Vintage Books Berk L E The legacy of scientific motherhood Retrieved March from http U S n d Retrieved March from http members Original work published From Freud to Social Learning Theory n rites of passage Educational involvement Vol VI Retrieved March web mit edu fms www faculty henry pub of humankind New York BasicBooks Library of Congress global themes change pol cfmRieff imprinting Retrieved March from http www aofe org a positive and nurturing concept and a negative beminiature versions of adults in began with the brutal oppressionof children the s children were regarded as evil and ignorant belief that all humanbeings are born with own selfish desires cited in was not physically battered by their parents before slate tabula rasa therefore theirdevelopment is and respectful teacher whose role isto inculcate positive values to raise their children Apart frominstructions such as providing their positive aspects of life and allow them to participate actively right and wrong Therefore parents should notintervene with the children's the th century till the eras The first possible reason is the eruptionof occurred in France in as theThird Estate pp Therefore many of the philosophers weremost likely distracted of the fact thatpeople during those centuries had had S at different periods couldhave undermined the people's interest in it was unlikelythat parents and psychologists would future development ofchildren According to Freud century endowed the peniswith extraordinary not only internalized thevalues of their parents but also the love of his father was representative of authority by offering proofs of love and restraintsof society Freud From Freud's question their parents' power over them Therefore Freud noted that Rieff The oppressive practices of rearing advocated by Dr Benjamin Spockand Margaret Mead Mead who Byemphasizing certain aspects of human behavior adults of various to learn has inspired thework of many of these infants can be reprogrammedto absorb new information such influences Leakey Ishikawa Fullmer In direct opposition to exerted a tremendous influence on child rearing to achieve any goals or respond a white rat to fear the whiterat by children'sbehavior by controlling their children's childhood impulses with childrenso that they would not hands with them in themorning withtheir children Child rearing was a the rigid and authoritarian relationshipbetween parents and their children According to this newperspective activity Dr Benjamin Spock toldparents that todo these delightful things it enriches his spirit makes him and affection that were shunned by psychologists duringthe their children's initial masturbatoryactivities According to Spock by parents andintegrating the theories of Freud and infancy parents need to be needs are not metby caring parents they stage childrenlearn how to perform basic gross and fine to develop their capacities will promote the children's sense ofautonomy in expanding their abilities by actively exploring undermining their self-confidence in the future Erikson With her observational setting Based on this study Baumrind identified two dimensions Thus they often engage in open discussionsand negotiations and responsive to their children's interests The unresponsive to theirchildren's needs Therefore the children children tended to have difficulties with controlling theirimpulses and believe that all children develop a have trust in theavailability of changes that had occurred over the child rearing did not eliminate of child rearing Based on the pendulumpatterns of the a psychological study of the Strange Situation Hillsdale n d Retrieved March from http blue history of childhood New York The S New introductory lectures on psychoanalysis J Strachey Trans C H Thomas Hobbes Boston Twayne Publishers Ishikawa J S The sensuous child Dr Benjamin Spock and the sexual http www humanities interactive org Congress Website http www loc gov exhibits mead mead-preview and adolescent development Princeton Houghton Mifflin of childhood For example according eras children were regarded as beings that were distinguished fromadults of child rearingfrom to s By the end of the to commitsinful acts This negative perception of children orderimposed by a government human In his collection ofpsychohistories de Mause children One of these figures children as evil creatures the parents potential by allowing them freedom to discover theirenvironment Berk pp of Childhood in History p Locke also rejected the notion of children as sinfulbeings he believed interacting with their environment cited in Concept reasonsmay have accounted for the time elapse in the child and the subsequent war In another part of the world also led to the rise same time the numerous significant epidemics in the U S and all over the world along with the epidemics before they were two-weeks old during thepreindustrial the Oedipus complex refocused attention on theirchild rearing practices By forbidding their male children about their male sexuality and the which amale child forgoes the pleasure of the penis innocent play with the penis andsuppressing it these playedthe key role in developing the superego within the Because thechildren's lives were interwoven with children in bourgeois families were expected to be John Watson At the same time these of Age inSamoa in believed that the nurturing influence conform tothe cultural expectations Library of Congress Her by forging asocial bond with their immediate the early experiences of pleasantencounters will enhance based on behaviorist ideas Watson's Pavlov and Thorndike Watson argued that that seminal studies Watson and his the rat From Freud to Social Learning Theory p A at designated times Davis At the same time mothers must kiss themonce on the forehead Skinner middle class parents replaced breast-feeding with natural impulses and demonstrateunwavering compliance to adult authority Jenkins psychologists advised parents to celebrate children wholearn through physical sensations and such as dig ging inearth and sand and health of children by highlighting theneed children Finally Spock also invoked Freud'sargument about the consequences of their body Jenkins pp Expanding on the emphasis stages Erikson's first three life stages areparticularly relevant able to forge a strong relationship withtheir infants based on second stage-the toddler phase-is characterized by the children'sacquisition learn how to controltheir bodily in theirchildren Erikson When the children reach ages four However children who are punished or mocked for their Baumrind conducted a series of observations of the interaction betweenparents at allcosts On the other hand responsive authoritative styles While authoritativeparents established and enforced firm the other hand parents with authoritarian stylesset parents who didnot have expectations of focused their study on the attachment relationshipbetween mothers of theattachment relationship with their children They found that caringparents maternal care tend to be insecure The brief in determining how parents treated the s helped relax American society's rigidconceptions of how with sociocultural changes ReferencesAinsworth M D S Blehar M C Child development Boston Allyn and members aol com ht a davisrnclc myhomepage legacy htm mtbrand aol com AdamCo epidemics htmlErikson E Childhood and Society d Retrieved March from http www arts from http www noogenesis com malama spock htmlKruppa P S March-April January Margaret Mead human nature and P Collected papers sexuality and the psychology of Downloads AofECh pdf andsuppressive perspective of children Its medieval society thus they were initiatedinto the world celebrated and cultivated the natural child Thispaper documents beings that needed to be taughtthe correct a self-serving character further promoted the Hinnant In thisHobbesian world children in all social However the age of Enlightenment led to the emergence dependent on their parents' child raising in their children At the same time he alsobelieved children with plenty of open air exercise intheir learning process cited in Concept of Childhood in natural development and give them adequatefreedom for them to realize mid th century very little political revolutions in the U S revolted against their socioeconomic situation over the nextthree by the political events and to deal with the numerous deaths offamily members including young child rearing practices Epidemics in the U S pp be interested in child rearingpractices p Nonetheless Sigmund the bourgeois parents' repression of theirchildren's sexual activities at power Because the parents placed excessive emphasis ontheir children's penises perceptions of society cited inRieff thepower of the parents over the children by threatening punishments which are signs tothe perspective parental authoritarianism was an inevitabledevelopment parents often exerted excessive control overtheir children and bourgeois parents would persist into the th century studied adolescence and sexual behavior of culturespass on the specific components researchers Through environmental imprinting infants ranging from birds to human as linguistic patterns of a language and Mead's nurturing perspective Watson produceda series practices whichwould endure into the in a specificway to a stipulated striking a hammer on the steel bar behind Albert's tightschedules and limited displays of affection Infants be spoiled Watson even provided detailedinstructions on how and qtd in Kruppa p Based on the advice of Watson regimented process in which parentswere expected to prepare children children was transformed radically Instead ofsuppressing the children's natural instincts of child rearing even the suppression of genital activity they should provide their children with the freedom todiscover their a warmerperson qtd in Jenkins p Furthermore Dr earlier part of the th century suppressing this activity parents willmake children Mead Erik Erikson alsocontributed significantly to the discussion on child highly responsive to theirdependent infants By ensuring that their infants' will begin to develop a motor functions They are alsoundergoing the toilet On the other hand parents who discourage their theirenvironment and initiating various activities Encouraging study on parenting styles Diana ofparenting demandingness and responsiveness Demanding parents set highstandards for their with their children cited in Seifert From her observations raters found thatthe children were not only of these parents were withdrawnand unhappy The persisting with new tasks Seifert Extending Baumrind's study special attachment bond with theirparents the parenting styles their parents than other parents On the other years In theearly years the cultural theconflicting perspectives Certainly social changes such as past history it is likely that Erlbaum Aries P Centuries of childhood New York csbs albany edu historydev htmDavis M Psychohistory Press Epidemics in the New York W W Norton Fullmer D W November Family therapy as the revolution Retrieved March from http texas wtw history of childhood htmLeakey R The origins htmlPolitical revolutions Retrieved March from http regentsprep org Regents Co Winningstad C N Sociopathic behavior-genetics or imprinting Genetics and If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.