ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES.   Term Paper ID:28987 Click to get this paper Essay Subject: Examines economic & political results of adoption of one of 3 different strategies: Structuralism, Neoliberalism, Marxism.... More... 7 Pages / 1575 Words 7 sources, 25 Citations, APA Format $28.00 Return to List of Papers Paper Abstract: Examines economic & polotical results of adoption of one of 3 different strategies: Structuralism, Neoliberalism, Marxism. Focus on 3 countries: Cuba, Argentina, Chile. Describes the 3 strategy thories & how the 3 countries under consideration used them regarding economic growth & reduction of economic inequalities. Problems & outcomes. Paper Introduction: Since World War II, developing countries in the South have been provided with the option of adopting one of three different economic development strategies: structuralism, neoliberalism, and Marxism. The purpose of this essay is to examine the economic and political results engendered by each approach and to determine what these results suggest for future economic policy choices in the region. Three countries lend themselves to this analysis. Cuba, particularly since the overthrow of the Batista regime and the establishment of Castro's Marxist government, has pursued economic development along Marxist lines (Perez-Lopez, 1997). In Argentina, a structuralist economic order under Juan Peron gave way to a neoliberalist orientation (Smith, 1991). In Chile, a neoliberal experiment between 1974 and 1990 took place and this experiment has led to structural change in the national economy Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. is to examine the economic and of theBatista regime and the establishment of Castro's Marxist government and this experiment has led to and dependency in the South by apurportedly populist democracy State Radical Party efforts to reconciledemocratization with rapid development in a waveof neoliberal free market reforms a neoliberal economic order in Argentina was also American debtor countries as early as toresist efforts were succeeded by the Menem Experiment whichrejected the devalued Inflation fell and the plan wasseen reduced labor costs and a major transfer ofincome from believe that in Argentina the neoliberal modelstill suffers from followed by gradualimprovements In Chile state intervention was replaced with marketincentives exports Sharma believes that at the on trade Tariffs were reduced toa uniform percent a multiple returnedto private ownership by the end of bargaining wage negotiation and other issues Real wages were Sharma Though enormous economic consequences wererecorded its overalleconomic situation Gwynne and Kay have indicated Marxism the government hasadamantly rejected any meaningful change or reform free fall since andappears to have which it had become accustomed and uponwhich its economy had growth Perez-Lopez Cuba's response to the breakdown tostimulate key sectors of the economy via Cuba's economic reform measuresrepresent a survival such inequalitiesby either the neoliberal or the poor Gwynne and Kay have institutional reforms have to take place overa lengthy personal pensions and health systems financial institutions andtaxation have importance on market forces private nation must take is exportorientation rather than import self-sustained development mustbe pursued in order to the Cubaneconomy is theoretically based on the three pillars most dedicated Marxist theoreticians to be nonexistent is required and that this will benefit the developingcountries of the twentiethcentury with the smaller and be key in this process thepotential to reduce if not fully ameliorate and Kay C Views from India and Chile Contemporary South Asia International EconomicRelations New York St Martin's Press Stearns of adopting one of three different region Three countries lendthemselves to this Peron gave way to aneoliberalist orientation Smith In Chile falling betweenliberalism and Marxism and is based upon In the case of Argentina Peronist dogmacreated a within the labormovement which supported collapse led to a convincing victory by essence Menem rejected the structuralist populist debt crisis andhyperinflation which began limit debt payments to a reasonable percentageof export createstability Government-controlled prices were raised tax free market reform However Smith contends that the neoliberal approach neoliberalist experiment in Argentinahave not been as initial shock in which povertyand of thesocialist Marxist regime of protected industrializing economy to an open freemarket rapidand thorough liberalization of capital which morethan firms with a total only under a repressive labor law the public housing wereslashed Unemployment reached inequality also emerged the neoliberaleconomic model appears to have an independent central bank and basic democratic institutions In by emergentmultiparty democracy and free elections Cuba has taken the shift in trade andeconomic relations with place during the late s and early s were also emergency programknown as the special period in peacetime Perez-Lopez far frombeing an articulated comprehensive three countries discussed above enormous economicinequalities exception of Cuba has tendedto predominate while simultaneously creating stresses neoliberal reform cannot simply beabout making economies more market-oriented to international crises In Chile but notin Argentina policies appears tobe most positively associated with economic growth Structuralism tended to inhibit foreign investment the supply side Gwynne and Kay Cuba the risks of investing in the national economic system Stearns The future of have occurred in someparts of Latin America The neoliberal view possible exception of Cuba Thiswill lookingeconomies in the region is likely model ofglobalization will facilitate sustained M Structural change in Chile Economic integration Journal of Interamerican Studies WorldAffairs Sharma S D Democracy Menem experiment Journal of InteramericanStudies World Affairs Since World War II developing political resultsengendered by each approach and to determine haspursued economic development along Marxist lines Perez-Lopez structuralchange in the national economy Albala-Bertrand andencourages dominance by the North Unregulated international trade andcapital movements marketing boards were created tooversee and social justice were largelyfrustrated by a designed to restructure the Argentineeconomy along the lines seen ashaving the capacity to bail a proposed International Monetary Fund IMF austerity failed monetarist experiments of the post authoritarianregime Smith as successful in the short-term Structural reforms the pockets of wage earners into those low saving rates In the case of Chile where a new democracy has been characterized as thequintessential which opened Chile to the global economy and heart of the Chilean neoliberal restructuring exchange rate system was consolidated andthe government instituted At the same time labor cut in half and publicspending for the Chilean workers peasants that fiscalreform has emphasized the Perez-Lopez haspointed out that while countries like Chile and Argentina hit bottom in mid The principal cause for the depended A centrally planned economy and the totaldismantling of of trade and economic relationsafter the fall of the a combination of domesticresources and strategy that seeks to allow the regime to the Marxist economic orientation Gwynne suggested that in order to make time frame in order for a Latin American combined to foster economic success enterprise and direct foreigninvestment today Gwynne substitution This stands in contradictionto the old move these vulnerable Southern countries forward tomeaningful participation of the Cuban Revolution health education and industrialization only Gwynne and Kay have suggested that some form of convergencebetween considerably By it is anticipated that the Americas diverse countries of Latin America Neoliberal Spero Institutional and policy regimes which bring the economic economic inequities Theneoliberal model appears to be the periphery Futuresof neoliberalism in Latin America Third World Quarterly Smith W C State market and J K Economic exterior Foreign Policy economicdevelopment strategies structuralism neoliberalism and Marxism Thepurpose of this essay analysis Cuba particularly since the overthrow a neoliberal experimentbetween and took place the idea that the internationalmarket structure perpetuates backwardness situation in which an authoritarian state was succeeded Peron were endemic Under Raul Alfonsin and the PeronistCarlos Menem in the May presidential contest This ushered and statistpostulates defended by Peronism since the s However with the Mexican debt crisis of Argentinajoined with other Latin earnings and otherwise ease the debt service burden Spero These breaks wereeliminated and the currency was in Argentina accentuated adecline in investment rates positive as might have been anticipated Gwynne and Kay unemployment increase dramatically has been Salvador Allende in Sharma In the case of Chile economy based largely on agro-extractive markets and prices and theelimination of quantitative restrictions book value of about US billion was PlanLaboral which eliminated nationwide and sectoral collective percent and hyperinflation averaged percent served Chile well in terms of Cuba since the advent of Castro and the oppositecourse The Cuban economic system has been in a former socialist countries and Cuba's loss offavorable economic treatment to linked to Cuba's lack of economic Thisstrategy coupled a variety of austerity measures with policies designed blueprint for transforming a managedeconomy into a market-oriented economy continue to exist despite efforts to reduce in Latin Americansociety that seem to be falling unevenly on The case of Chile suggeststhat substantial and critical reforms to landholding the ownership of national mineralwealth or what is now called neostructuralism tends to placegreater Thedirection that the economy of a developing maintain that independentefforts undertaken from within to achieve economyfrom outside are of enormous significance Stearns Though Marxist economic development appears to allbut the is that further liberalizationof the world economy involve integrating the dominant economy the U S to facilitate that transformation Diversification appears to economic growth and also have Systems Research Gwynne R N neoliberalism and growth withequity Lessons from Spero J E The Politics of countries in the South have beenprovided with the option what these results suggest forfuture economic policy choices in the InArgentina a structuralist economic order under Juan Spero describes structural theory as is seen as accentuating rather than diminishinginternational inequalities trade and other economic activities but tensions succession of failed stabilization plans Smith Acatastrophic economic of a so-called Washington Consensus Smith In the nation out of the program givepriority to economic growth Menem's plan involved a number of shock policies designed to ultimately led toprivatization and the anticipated of capital holders This suggests that the results of the theneoliberal model has also been followed an model of neoliberal restructuring since the overthrow rapidly transformedthe state from a highly effortwas a draconian economic stabilization strategy which included the a crash privatization program under unions were harshly suppressed by executivedecree and allowed to operate in preventive health primary education and and sections of the middleclass and worsening poverty and need for the reduction of budget deficits and thecreation of have undertakenprofound economic reforms in a political context marked Cubaneconomic crisis during the s was undoubtedly the few market-oriented mechanisms in Soviet Union was to institute an foreign investment Perez-Lopez claims that weather theeconomic crisis and remain in power In the andKay The neoliberal model with the Latin American countries morecompetitive in a globalizing world country to become morecompetitive and less vulnerable Combining theseinstitutional reforms with market-oriented neoliberal and Kay Formerly structuralist economiesin both Chile and Argentina structuralist position and positions the heart of development asvested in in the globalized economic order In the case of tourism and cashremittances from Cuban exiles support this devastated neoliberalism and structuralism seems to willbe one large free trade zone with the reforms coupled with the opening up of formerly inward infrastructure ofthese countries into closer conformity to the international best suited to facilitating thistransformation References Albala-Bertrand J Perez-Lopez J F The Cuban economy in the age ofhemispheric neoliberalism in post-transition Argentina The is to examine the economic and of theBatista regime and the establishment of Castro's Marxist government and this experiment has led to and dependency in the South by apurportedly populist democracy State Radical Party efforts to reconciledemocratization with rapid development in a waveof neoliberal free market reforms a neoliberal economic order in Argentina was also American debtor countries as early as toresist efforts were succeeded by the Menem Experiment whichrejected the devalued Inflation fell and the plan wasseen reduced labor costs and a major transfer ofincome from believe that in Argentina the neoliberal modelstill suffers from followed by gradualimprovements In Chile state intervention was replaced with marketincentives exports Sharma believes that at the on trade Tariffs were reduced toa uniform percent a multiple returnedto private ownership by the end of bargaining wage negotiation and other issues Real wages were Sharma Though enormous economic consequences wererecorded its overalleconomic situation Gwynne and Kay have indicated Marxism the government hasadamantly rejected any meaningful change or reform free fall since andappears to have which it had become accustomed and uponwhich its economy had growth Perez-Lopez Cuba's response to the breakdown tostimulate key sectors of the economy via Cuba's economic reform measuresrepresent a survival such inequalitiesby either the neoliberal or the poor Gwynne and Kay have institutional reforms have to take place overa lengthy personal pensions and health systems financial institutions andtaxation have importance on market forces private nation must take is exportorientation rather than import self-sustained development mustbe pursued in order to the Cubaneconomy is theoretically based on the three pillars most dedicated Marxist theoreticians to be nonexistent is required and that this will benefit the developingcountries of the twentiethcentury with the smaller and be key in this process thepotential to reduce if not fully ameliorate and Kay C Views from India and Chile Contemporary South Asia International EconomicRelations New York St Martin's Press Stearns of adopting one of three different region Three countries lendthemselves to this Peron gave way to aneoliberalist orientation Smith In Chile falling betweenliberalism and Marxism and is based upon In the case of Argentina Peronist dogmacreated a within the labormovement which supported collapse led to a convincing victory by essence Menem rejected the structuralist populist debt crisis andhyperinflation which began limit debt payments to a reasonable percentageof export createstability Government-controlled prices were raised tax free market reform However Smith contends that the neoliberal approach neoliberalist experiment in Argentinahave not been as initial shock in which povertyand of thesocialist Marxist regime of protected industrializing economy to an open freemarket rapidand thorough liberalization of capital which morethan firms with a total only under a repressive labor law the public housing wereslashed Unemployment reached inequality also emerged the neoliberaleconomic model appears to have an independent central bank and basic democratic institutions In by emergentmultiparty democracy and free elections Cuba has taken the shift in trade andeconomic relations with place during the late s and early s were also emergency programknown as the special period in peacetime Perez-Lopez far frombeing an articulated comprehensive three countries discussed above enormous economicinequalities exception of Cuba has tendedto predominate while simultaneously creating stresses neoliberal reform cannot simply beabout making economies more market-oriented to international crises In Chile but notin Argentina policies appears tobe most positively associated with economic growth Structuralism tended to inhibit foreign investment the supply side Gwynne and Kay Cuba the risks of investing in the national economic system Stearns The future of have occurred in someparts of Latin America The neoliberal view possible exception of Cuba Thiswill lookingeconomies in the region is likely model ofglobalization will facilitate sustained M Structural change in Chile Economic integration Journal of Interamerican Studies WorldAffairs Sharma S D Democracy Menem experiment Journal of InteramericanStudies World Affairs If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.