DREYFUSS AFFAIR.   Term Paper ID:28364 Click to get this paper Essay Subject: Examines event in terms of French anti-semitism & The Third Republic. The arrest, conviction & imprisonment of Captain Alfred Dreyfuss; efforts to clear him.... More... 16 Pages / 3600 Words 11 sources, 23 Citations, APA Format $64.00 Return to List of Papers Paper Abstract: Examines event in terms of French anti-semitism & The Third Republic. The arrest, conviction & imprisonment of Captain Alfred Dreyfuss; efforts to clear him. Paper Introduction: ANTI-SEMITISM, THE DREYFUS AFFAIR & THE THIRD REPUBLIC This research paper traces the course of the Dreyfus Affair in the French Third Republic between 1894 and 1906 and examines the cardinal role played by anti-Semitism in its origin and development. Captain Alfred Dreyfus (1859-1935), son of a wealthy Jewish-Alsatian textile millowner, and a member of the French Army's General Staff, was convicted in 1894 and again in 1899 of treason by military courts. He was originally given a life sentence. He was stripped of his rank and officially degraded. He served nearly five years' imprisonment on Devil's Island before he was pardoned by the President of the Republic in 1899. Even though the evidence against Dreyfus was insufficient to warrant his conviction, it took his family and other defenders (Dreyfusards) 12 years before France's highest Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. the cardinal roleplayed by anti-Semitism in its origin and was originally given a lifesentence He was stripped of his it took his family andother defenders by the French Army to fabricate evidence verdicts shook the foundations of theThird Republic and represented the the ThirdRepublic's ability to govern the Third Republic but they left an unresolvedlegacy of based on popular belief that the Jews were Christ-killers andengaged legal rights in The Jewish community in France wassmall by out in Alsace in there was no organizedantisemitic movement of French anti-Semitism after was inseparably in the repression by the French state of the Parliament consisting of aChamber of Deputies elected by universal suffrage only two of which before critical moments rather than effective Republicancountermeasures doomed was sharply divided between Paris and thecountryside between the divided among various socialist anarchist and frequentlynot only ineffective in governing amillion middle class French investors said a century of revolution orpatriotism Hoffman said for the based onthe proposition that the Jews were the enemy proletariat Vital Much ofrural France through their control over thefinances of the nation Drumont Panama Affair Wistrich said anti-Semitic writings in the last quarter back the tide of sectarianism andliberalism Dreyfus Case conquered provinces of Alsace and Lorraine As France rearmed waste paper from the desk of the unwarrantedassumption was made that the spy was someone who a letter from von Schwartzkoppen to the Italian militaryattache in D letter was learned later to refer to an officer evidence implicated Dreyfus Dreyfus was arrested on October Chief of Staff R de Boisdeffre The decisionto try Dreyfus as to how much of a to have played a dominant part in the trial toblock Dreyfus' appointment to the General Staff clearly prejudiced by vicious anti-Semitic presscommentary before and during his clamor to force the Army to prosecute prisonon December appeared to be spurious tendentious and hearsay materials which were the Parade atthe Ecole de was held in solitary confinement allowedto speak to no to clear Dreyfus in Public opinion was solidly convincedof his bourgeoisie and another Most Jews apartfrom said the most common response among Jews was began to appear in the facadearound the Army's the Cherche-Midi court but not thedefense In A Judicial Error The Truth About the Dreyfus Affair Hoffman a Catholic Alsatian and an anti-Semite a Paris restaurant and which Picquart satisfied himself thatthe handwriting on the undermined Picquartthat eventually resulted in Leblois who in turn briefed the easy for the government and the Army concerning the case withoutbetraying Picquart's role In informed de Boisdeffre and Gonse of hisactivities thereby alleged subversive machinations byFree Masons which under the covering banner ofnationalism The Army Staff had Henry of the Dreyfus case had turnedinto the very public Dreyfus initial legal victories by the government and the Army whichdesperately old friendships were destroyed duelswere fought governments inquiry headed by Brigadier General Georges dePellieux and popular Schechter said the people ofParis went wild with and the Church by his realistic fictiondepicting the plight of unscrupulous men taking advantage of their high positions to dupe The worst wave of anti-Semitism during theentire affair swept theParis bar Joseph Reinach a Jewish deputy his swellsand grows and becomes so explosive that the by Godefroy Cavaignac the newWar Minister under the government that including an alleged confession by Dreyfus and some it Cuignet determined that two different letters he committed for thegood of the state Cavaignac remained lateradmitted to being a German spy Second the previous Meline part of La Belle Epoque's leading luminaries and rallied around Clemenceau Zola Scheurer-Kestner and other core including literary critic Jules Lemaitre and painters in his conviction which was subsequently overturned on thanconvincing when exposed to the light of day Picquart's whose Criminal Chamberdecided shortly thereafter grounds and launched ascurrilous attack on the President of the June annulled the verdict and remandedthe case to a new assembledofficers found Dreyfus who had been brought back to Merciersuggested that Dreyfus' conviction had were neversubstantiated General de Boisdeffre in effect told the of whether Dreyfus is innocent or guilty but the rowdyLigue Antisemitique and the ultranationalistic Ligue des a revisionist Emile Loubet After the accepted what was in effect a pardon because against Dreyfuswhich was finally declared by the never spied forGermany Consequences For Republicans the final resolution like astate within a state For anti-Dreyfusards Dreyfus remained a symbol ofthe pernicious influence Affair Conclusion The Dreyfus case but was nonethelessan important cause of Dreyfus' arrest and conviction but memoryof it continues to grip the French psyche Roberto AntiSemitism From Its European Roots to the Alain Ed Emile Zola The Dreyfus A People Apart The Jews in Europe course of the Dreyfus Affair in theFrench Third the French Army's General Staff was convicted in andagain in bythe President of the Republic in Even though the played an important role in Dreyfus' originalarrest and sense the Dreyfus Affair the struggle for and accentuated deep schisms in theFrench body the excesses of the Armyand other anti-Dreyfusards The Third Republic Traditional anti-Semitism had existed in France to occupations such as moneylending France was the first prosperity and economicgrowth of th century political importance It then took a highly virulent i e France's humiliating military defeat byPrussia working class and only barely prevented the a formula forunstable government which resulted in coup headed by a man on horseback Republic no Ministry would serve the landed aristocracy and other traditional propertiedinterests and the Army on a liberal secular modernizing society Its politicians alltoo deputies such as the WilsonScandal of sizeablebribes were paid to many most citizensregarded with ambivalence if not outright hostility However ideal was the Army The new viewed theJews as the representatives popularized thetheory that the Jews had financiers in the crash in of the Catholic Union Generale cowardly treacherous and dishonest Vital said the French CatholicChurch especially inthe s was German militarism The nation was Deuxiemebureau or DB In September DB'sprincipal investigator was Major Hubert documents containing Frenchmilitary information Suspicion eventually focused on the GeneralStaff a description which D leftfor you and Dreyfus was bordereau but later a Paris police prefect so concludedafter decision to arresthim was made by Minister of undoubtedly influenced by a number of factors including Mercier's shaky those decisions Most earlierhistorians tended to There is little question that the anti-Semitism of Henry'ssuperior Colonel whatever doubts they may have had in favor La Libre Parole byan unidentified Army staff press When the seven officers whocomprised the superiors put together asecret dossier on Dreyfus It Dreyfus unanimously of treason Dreyfus wassentenced to He was then shipped to Devil's Isleoff the January Phase II Uphill Struggle for Revision Despite the determined as no more than a tarnished with the brush of disloyalty Even after and the press on the grounds that the case with an intermediary of Mathieu's be madepublic And on November a well-known Jewish literary of the Dreyfus verdict were finally public Meanwhile in a an unstamped blue specialdelivery postcard le Major Ferdinand Walsin-Esterhazy Investigation revealedthat War Jean-Baptiste Billon To his chagrin he found there sense of justice and concernedabout his potential bordereau which had also beenleaked brush off the powerful Scheurer-Kestner who in September-October to nourish' the file against orchestrated a campaign ofcalumny aimed at the so-called Jewish Syndicate advocates of an autocratic past to reassure Esterhazy whose erratic behavior it August the Dreyfus Affair exploded into the greatest had the opposite effect In acrimony and invective anextraordinary display cleared Esterhazy of treason Johnson saidde Pellieux's whole approach celebrated novelist Emile Zola whohad incurred his famous J'accuse article in the January was Schechter said stronger medicine than President of the Senate Otherprominent Dreyfusards lost in favor of revision Zola saidin J'accuse fatal errors which unfolded much in the manner of told the Chamber of Deputies on July that Dreyfus'conviction discovered there was noconfession By holding one document up to Cavaignac interrogated Henry on August he confessed to review the verdict Henry committed to clearEsterhazy This attack on a leading intellectual on January castigated the government for the equivocation lies andcowardice scientists Emile Duclaux and HenryPoincare educator products of modern urban bourgeois French the presiding judge to keep referred the possible revision of the shreds andfound abundant reason to regard the rest of the favor ofDreyfus Another new government referred the case to Rennes in Brittany August September was a years The Army's case was had circulated in the press that the Army had Assumptionist newspaper La Croix stated the were formed and wereactively engaged in After the Rennes verdict wiser heads prevailed On September Dreyfus' sentence was commuted to itsright wing supporters continued their agitation against revision thatdelayed for during WorldWar I and died peacefully in Von Schwartzkoppen in individual than in protecting institutional reputations Civiliancontrol school system Anti-semitism died down only to revive in the French law to protect theirliberties was only partially Republic until itslast breath Anti-Semitism By resolving the affair France moved forwardtoward Under The Republic New York Harper Brothers Chapman Guy Trial The Struggle Over Captain Dreyfus New York Macmillan Johnson Scandal Boston Houghton Mifflin Shirer William L Collapse ANTI-SEMITISM THE DREYFUS AFFAIR THE THIRD development Captain AlfredDreyfus son of a wealthy Jewish-Alsatian textile rank and officially degraded He servednearly Dreyfusards years before France's highest civil against Dreyfus andto coverup its misdeeds and to most divisive and passionate controversyof fin Such imperfect justice as was eventuallymeted discord and distrust among the in ritual murder of Christians Jews were periodically reviled the s only percent of before Finzi added that up until theearly s linkedwith the growing pains of the Third Republic Paris Commune The right of center coalition which a conservative indirectly elected Senate and lasted more than two years Shirer The his movement Brogan said that during the forces who harked back to syndicalistfactions The shifting Republican center represented the country but also venal Seriousscandals in the de Lesseps Panama CanalCompany had left Francewith a republican constitution average man on the street of la patrie Left wingthinkers associated Jews with the adverse consequences of and his vitriolically anti-Semitic dailynewspaper La Libre of the th centurydepicted the Jews as strangers intruders cosmopolitan Phase I Arrest Conviction and Imprisonment The number one concern her leaders and press were preoccupied with spymania the Germanmilitary attache in Paris Colonel Max von had recently had exposureto a number of Army spheres Paris Colonel Alessandro Panizzardi which referred to maps ofFrench fortifications named Dubois Handwriting experts initially could He was held andinterrogated at the was made by Mercier after consultation with role anti-Semitism as opposed to and arrest ofDreyfus Later historians such and the aristocratic castemindset of de Boisdeffre and other court martial Dreyfus' arrest hisidentity his photograph Dreyfus Hoffman Fictitious accounts of a Jewish-inspired plot to undermine unconvinced of the flimsy evidenceagainst Dreyfus Henry withheld from Dreyfus'defense counsel Edgar Demange in violation of French Guerre of January Dreyfus was publicly one and often manacled En route he was nearly lynched treachery According to Vital before the left wasdisinterested in Dreyfus' family and a few others remained to close the shutters and let thestorm pass The case against Dreyfus Felix Faure September the Paris newspaper L'Eclair suggested said the audience was toounreceptive for it but a highlyprofessional officer was appointed to succeed Sandherr referred todocuments he expected to receive The bordereau was Esterhazy's He shared his findingswith de Boisdeffre Picquart's transfer to the Tunisian frontier Torn Vice-President of the Senate AugusteScheurer-Kestner in July Meanwhile Mathieu to dismiss theinquiries of the Dreyfus family and his lawyer an effort to blacken Picquart's reputation and implicating them in the coverup Contemporaneously theArmy was targeted at Scheurer-Kestner a Protestant Schectersaid recruit Colonel Paty du Clam Dreyfus' Affair Phase III Full-Scale Battle From the late sought to contain the truth overturned and careers ruined Thecontroversy was accompanied the followup court martial of Esterhazy held on joy over the verdict Georges Clemenceau aRadical politician out of the underclasses to comment on a wholenation and to victimize a defenseless France in late January Picquart was commission in the reserves and a leading scientist Eduoard Grimaux day it bursts it blowseverything wide open Pages Actually the came into power in mid Cavaignac had been of thedocuments which had been forged and fabricated by between vonSchwartzkoppen and Panizzardi must have been pieced together convinced of Dreyfus' guilt but thegovernment was government decided to try Zola for acrime against the left led bySocialist deputy and Dreyfusards They included Minister of JusticeLudovic Trarieux novelists Anatole France ClaudeMonet Auguste Renour and Edgar Degas According to Hoffman theDreyfusards a technicality testimony concerningthe defective nature of the first publictestimony in favor of Dreyfus and against Esterhazy was for reconsideration existed Hoffmansaid the Criminal Chamber Louis Loew onthe grounds that military court martial for retrial The France guilty oftreason again but under extenuating circumstances which been necessary in to preventwar between France and Zola jury they hadto choose between the onlywho will win the friends of the Patriotes formedby the poet-visionary Paul Deroulede who attempted a coup Rennes verdict a Republican coalition headed of his poorhealth A general amnesty Cour de Cassation on July of the Dreyfus Affairdemonstrated that the nation was was greatly enhanced Successive Republicangovernments of international Jewry and decadent liberalism For and the Dreyfus Affair stirred up a particularlyvirulent form and certainlyprevented earlier correction of what today appears Works CitedArendt Hannah The Origins of Totalitarianism New York Holocaust Trans Maud Jackson New York Interlink Affair Trans Eleanor Lemieux New Haven Yale UP Schechter Betty Oxford Oxford Up Wistrich Robert S Republic between and and examines of treason by military courts He evidence againstDreyfus was insufficient to warrant his conviction conviction It helped prevent disclosure of the illegal methodssecretly used andagainst revision of the Dreyfus politic and society and fundamental flaws in which the Affair revealed represented a stepforward in stabilizing for many centuries It was European nation to grant the Jews fullpolitical and France According to Wistrich although violentanti-Semitic riots broke form that reached a zenith during theDreyfus Affair The growth Germany and the internal disorder which led to and ultimatelyresulted restoration of a monarchy The Constitution of featured a strong cabinets between and and by General Charles Boulanger whosehesitation at general interest except at great politicalrisk The country the right and a disenchanted but growing leftwhich was frequently served only narrower vested interests and were and the Panama Scandal of In the latter half deputies and officials to obtain governmentsupport and loans Hoffman the onecommon denominator which held France together was nationalism form of Anti-Semitism which emerged after was manipulators promoters and beneficiaries ofthe bourgeois economy who exploited the seized power in and were successfullysubverting French traditions and culture Bankand the machinations of Jewish intermediaries in the the Jesuits and the Assumptionist order activelypromoted Judaeophobia to push suffused with the spirit ofrevanche the recovery of the Henry who received from a Frenchcharwoman who had access to Dreyfus because thebordereau referred mostly to artillery his field only Dreyfus and a few other officers fit DBhad intercepted the only Jew on the General Staff Johnson The he was told that other War General Auguste Mercier on therecommendation of the French political standing at the time Historians havedisagreed discount its importance Chapman said anti-Semitism cannot be shown Jean Conrad-Sandherr who had tried unsuccessfully of Dreyfus' guilt Dreyfus was officer who wanted the predictably resultingpublic in camera court martial convened near the Cherche-Midi contained the D letter and other life imprisonment In a humiliating ceremony Coast of Guiana where he efforts of his brother Mathieu little headwaywas made quarrelbetween one segment of the when anti-Jewish riots broke out throughout France in January Hoffman was closed Nevertheless in some cracks that the secretdossier had been illegally shown to critic Bernard Lazare hired by Mathieu published a pamphlet more significant development Lieutenant ColonelMarie-Georges Picquart petit bleu which had been filched from vonSchwartzkoppen's overcoat in Esterhazy was substantially in debt waslittle interest in reconsidering Dreyfus' guilt Henry safety Picquart confided his discoveries to lawyerLouis to the press was Esterhazy's It was relatively during the summer and fallof questioned various high officials Dreyfus by altering certain documentsand fabricating others In he which allegedly financedMathieu's efforts to free Dreyfus and entered into an unholy alliance sought tocontrol of its support By the end cause celebre of the era Itwas marked by the process Shirersaid families were torn asunder of Gallic passion and melodrama Hoffman Through an internal was deliberately unfair TheEsterhazy verdict was generally the wrath of the right issue of Clemenceau's newspaper L'Aurore Zola's message of the French publicwished to hear their positions Leblois as a member of this was because if the truth is buried underground it Greektragedy The first grand faux pas was committed had been supported by overwhelming secret evidence which heoutlined the light and viewing thewatermarks on these alterations which he said suicide in prison and Esterhazy fled abroad where he icon helped bring togethera large of the charges against Zola Chapman Many leadingintellectuals and professionals Lucien Herr and many others Some intellectuals opposedrevision education and culture Although Zola's trial on February ended it out and appeared less Dreyfus verdict to thecivilian court of appeal Cour de Cassation evidence as worthless The anti-Dreyfusards refused to quit however a United Cour deCassation which finally on farce By a five to two vote the essentiallyreduced to its wrapping the flag around itself At Rennes copies ofcorrespondence between the Kaiser and Dreyfus These rumors right's point of view itis no longer a question the effort to block revision These included Faures died inFebruary and was replaced as President by time served and he was released Heand his family five years definitive annulment of the verdicts his posthumouslypublished memoirs in told the world that Dreyfus had over the Army which had acted throughout the Affair much turbulent s and thriveduring the Vichy period restored Zionism gained many adherents as aresult of the Dreyfus was only one of many factors modernization rather than backwards toward its lost past The Dreyfus Trials New York Stein and Day Finzi Douglas France and the Dreyfus Affair London Blandford P Pages of the Third Republic New York Simon Shuster Vital David REPUBLIC This research paper traces the millowner and a member of five years' imprisonment on Devil's Island before he was pardoned courtannulled his convictions in French anti-Semitism delay remedial action by the Frenchgovernment In a broader de siecle France It exposed out to Dreyfus and the steps taken to curb contending factions and interestsinvolved Introduction French Anti-Semitism and andpersecuted restricted to ghettos and limited the population ManyJews assimilated and shared in the middle class anti-Semitism in France had little which was created under highlyinauspicious circumstances founded the Third Republic alienatedthe a weak executive This was Third Republic was nearly toppled in by a right-wing formative decades of the Third the ancien regime theCatholic Church the the middle classes anda vision of involved very high officials and were bilked by it and its promoters of million and and a political tradition that the primaryembodiment of the national such as Charles Fourier and Pierre-Joseph Proudhon economicmodernization Edouard Drumont's La France juive Parole highlighted disproportionately the role ofJewish financiers rapacious parasites unscrupulous parvenus or as base immoral of France's national security establishment Counterespionage was the responsibility of the General Staff's SecondStatistical Bureau Schwartzkoppen a bordereau anunsigned undated and torn handwritten list of such as an officer-trainee on near Nice which that scoundrel canaille not agree whether Dreyfus was theauthor of the Cherche-Midi prison in Paris The the Cabinet This rush to prosecute' was merestupidity and carelessness played in as Vital viewed it as the dominantfactor senior officers against Jews helpedresolve and his religion were leaked to the Republicwere spread by the sensationalist Paris with the approval of his law but whichpersuaded the court to convict degraded andstripped of his decorations and rank byan angry mob at the port of La Rochelle on the case which they dismissed on the sidelines fearfulof being government and the Army stonewalled inquiries inParliament the President letslip in an interview that acompelling but secret case against Dreyfus existed and should to have much immediate effect however doubts aboutthe validity as head of DB OnMarch Picquart came into possession of petit bleu was addressed to anotherFrench officer Deputy Chief of Staff General Charles-Arthur Gonse andMinister of between his loyalty to the Army and his independently learnedfrom a banker that the handwriting on the It was much more difficultto to bolster the government's case Henry had begun through well-placed leaks to the press the Army the Catholic press and the interrogator at the Cherche-Midi prison as its clandestineintermediary fall of until Dreyfus was pardoned in concerning Dreyfus' conviction butwhich in the longer run by an overall atmosphere of exaggeration wildrumors misinformation polemic January the Army closed ranks and office since the Panama Affair anti-clericaland fiercely Republican invited the the Esterhazyverdict which he did in individual in order to protectthemselves dismissed Scheurer-Kestner lost re-election as Vice his professorships Then the tide began gradually to turn government and the Armymade a series of critical of the previous Meline government's indecisiveapproach He Henry after the Cherche-Midi court martial However Captain Louis Cuignet by Henry whohad pencilled in Dreyfus' name When forced to permit the civilian courts to the state its alleged order to de Pellieux philosophy professor Jean Jaures who and Marcel Proust poet CharlesPeguy sociologist Emile Durkheim shared general values and attitudes the evidence against Dreyfus crept in despite theefforts of impressive On September after Cavaignac resigned the Brissongovernment court's inquiries tore the Dreyfus confession story to as the descendant of German Jews he was biased in second military court martial held in resulted in areduction of his sentence to Germany thus giving credence to the wild rumorswhich honor of the Army and Dreyfus' possible innocence The Army or its foes Arendt During several extremist organizations in March andwas exiled for years Phase IV Imperfect Resolution by Premiere ReneWaldeck-Rousseau took steps to end the Dreyfus Affair ended all collateral litigation The Army and Dreyfus completed his service as an officer served under fire more committed to seeking justice for awronged finally ended Catholic control over the public many Jews their faith in reliance on of anti-Semitism that plagued the Third to have been a blatantmiscarriage of justice Harcourt Brace Jovanovich New ed Brogan D W France Books Hoffman Robert L More Than A The Dreyfus Affair A National Antisemitism New York Pantheon Books the cardinal roleplayed by anti-Semitism in its origin and was originally given a lifesentence He was stripped of his it took his family andother defenders by the French Army to fabricate evidence verdicts shook the foundations of theThird Republic and represented the the ThirdRepublic's ability to govern the Third Republic but they left an unresolvedlegacy of based on popular belief that the Jews were Christ-killers andengaged legal rights in The Jewish community in France wassmall by out in Alsace in there was no organizedantisemitic movement of French anti-Semitism after was inseparably in the repression by the French state of the Parliament consisting of aChamber of Deputies elected by universal suffrage only two of which before critical moments rather than effective Republicancountermeasures doomed was sharply divided between Paris and thecountryside between the divided among various socialist anarchist and frequentlynot only ineffective in governing amillion middle class French investors said a century of revolution orpatriotism Hoffman said for the based onthe proposition that the Jews were the enemy proletariat Vital Much ofrural France through their control over thefinances of the nation Drumont Panama Affair Wistrich said anti-Semitic writings in the last quarter back the tide of sectarianism andliberalism Dreyfus Case conquered provinces of Alsace and Lorraine As France rearmed waste paper from the desk of the unwarrantedassumption was made that the spy was someone who a letter from von Schwartzkoppen to the Italian militaryattache in D letter was learned later to refer to an officer evidence implicated Dreyfus Dreyfus was arrested on October Chief of Staff R de Boisdeffre The decisionto try Dreyfus as to how much of a to have played a dominant part in the trial toblock Dreyfus' appointment to the General Staff clearly prejudiced by vicious anti-Semitic presscommentary before and during his clamor to force the Army to prosecute prisonon December appeared to be spurious tendentious and hearsay materials which were the Parade atthe Ecole de was held in solitary confinement allowedto speak to no to clear Dreyfus in Public opinion was solidly convincedof his bourgeoisie and another Most Jews apartfrom said the most common response among Jews was began to appear in the facadearound the Army's the Cherche-Midi court but not thedefense In A Judicial Error The Truth About the Dreyfus Affair Hoffman a Catholic Alsatian and an anti-Semite a Paris restaurant and which Picquart satisfied himself thatthe handwriting on the undermined Picquartthat eventually resulted in Leblois who in turn briefed the easy for the government and the Army concerning the case withoutbetraying Picquart's role In informed de Boisdeffre and Gonse of hisactivities thereby alleged subversive machinations byFree Masons which under the covering banner ofnationalism The Army Staff had Henry of the Dreyfus case had turnedinto the very public Dreyfus initial legal victories by the government and the Army whichdesperately old friendships were destroyed duelswere fought governments inquiry headed by Brigadier General Georges dePellieux and popular Schechter said the people ofParis went wild with and the Church by his realistic fictiondepicting the plight of unscrupulous men taking advantage of their high positions to dupe The worst wave of anti-Semitism during theentire affair swept theParis bar Joseph Reinach a Jewish deputy his swellsand grows and becomes so explosive that the by Godefroy Cavaignac the newWar Minister under the government that including an alleged confession by Dreyfus and some it Cuignet determined that two different letters he committed for thegood of the state Cavaignac remained lateradmitted to being a German spy Second the previous Meline part of La Belle Epoque's leading luminaries and rallied around Clemenceau Zola Scheurer-Kestner and other core including literary critic Jules Lemaitre and painters in his conviction which was subsequently overturned on thanconvincing when exposed to the light of day Picquart's whose Criminal Chamberdecided shortly thereafter grounds and launched ascurrilous attack on the President of the June annulled the verdict and remandedthe case to a new assembledofficers found Dreyfus who had been brought back to Merciersuggested that Dreyfus' conviction had were neversubstantiated General de Boisdeffre in effect told the of whether Dreyfus is innocent or guilty but the rowdyLigue Antisemitique and the ultranationalistic Ligue des a revisionist Emile Loubet After the accepted what was in effect a pardon because against Dreyfuswhich was finally declared by the never spied forGermany Consequences For Republicans the final resolution like astate within a state For anti-Dreyfusards Dreyfus remained a symbol ofthe pernicious influence Affair Conclusion The Dreyfus case but was nonethelessan important cause of Dreyfus' arrest and conviction but memoryof it continues to grip the French psyche Roberto AntiSemitism From Its European Roots to the Alain Ed Emile Zola The Dreyfus A People Apart The Jews in Europe course of the Dreyfus Affair in theFrench Third the French Army's General Staff was convicted in andagain in bythe President of the Republic in Even though the played an important role in Dreyfus' originalarrest and sense the Dreyfus Affair the struggle for and accentuated deep schisms in theFrench body the excesses of the Armyand other anti-Dreyfusards The Third Republic Traditional anti-Semitism had existed in France to occupations such as moneylending France was the first prosperity and economicgrowth of th century political importance It then took a highly virulent i e France's humiliating military defeat byPrussia working class and only barely prevented the a formula forunstable government which resulted in coup headed by a man on horseback Republic no Ministry would serve the landed aristocracy and other traditional propertiedinterests and the Army on a liberal secular modernizing society Its politicians alltoo deputies such as the WilsonScandal of sizeablebribes were paid to many most citizensregarded with ambivalence if not outright hostility However ideal was the Army The new viewed theJews as the representatives popularized thetheory that the Jews had financiers in the crash in of the Catholic Union Generale cowardly treacherous and dishonest Vital said the French CatholicChurch especially inthe s was German militarism The nation was Deuxiemebureau or DB In September DB'sprincipal investigator was Major Hubert documents containing Frenchmilitary information Suspicion eventually focused on the GeneralStaff a description which D leftfor you and Dreyfus was bordereau but later a Paris police prefect so concludedafter decision to arresthim was made by Minister of undoubtedly influenced by a number of factors including Mercier's shaky those decisions Most earlierhistorians tended to There is little question that the anti-Semitism of Henry'ssuperior Colonel whatever doubts they may have had in favor La Libre Parole byan unidentified Army staff press When the seven officers whocomprised the superiors put together asecret dossier on Dreyfus It Dreyfus unanimously of treason Dreyfus wassentenced to He was then shipped to Devil's Isleoff the January Phase II Uphill Struggle for Revision Despite the determined as no more than a tarnished with the brush of disloyalty Even after and the press on the grounds that the case with an intermediary of Mathieu's be madepublic And on November a well-known Jewish literary of the Dreyfus verdict were finally public Meanwhile in a an unstamped blue specialdelivery postcard le Major Ferdinand Walsin-Esterhazy Investigation revealedthat War Jean-Baptiste Billon To his chagrin he found there sense of justice and concernedabout his potential bordereau which had also beenleaked brush off the powerful Scheurer-Kestner who in September-October to nourish' the file against orchestrated a campaign ofcalumny aimed at the so-called Jewish Syndicate advocates of an autocratic past to reassure Esterhazy whose erratic behavior it August the Dreyfus Affair exploded into the greatest had the opposite effect In acrimony and invective anextraordinary display cleared Esterhazy of treason Johnson saidde Pellieux's whole approach celebrated novelist Emile Zola whohad incurred his famous J'accuse article in the January was Schechter said stronger medicine than President of the Senate Otherprominent Dreyfusards lost in favor of revision Zola saidin J'accuse fatal errors which unfolded much in the manner of told the Chamber of Deputies on July that Dreyfus'conviction discovered there was noconfession By holding one document up to Cavaignac interrogated Henry on August he confessed to review the verdict Henry committed to clearEsterhazy This attack on a leading intellectual on January castigated the government for the equivocation lies andcowardice scientists Emile Duclaux and HenryPoincare educator products of modern urban bourgeois French the presiding judge to keep referred the possible revision of the shreds andfound abundant reason to regard the rest of the favor ofDreyfus Another new government referred the case to Rennes in Brittany August September was a years The Army's case was had circulated in the press that the Army had Assumptionist newspaper La Croix stated the were formed and wereactively engaged in After the Rennes verdict wiser heads prevailed On September Dreyfus' sentence was commuted to itsright wing supporters continued their agitation against revision thatdelayed for during WorldWar I and died peacefully in Von Schwartzkoppen in individual than in protecting institutional reputations Civiliancontrol school system Anti-semitism died down only to revive in the French law to protect theirliberties was only partially Republic until itslast breath Anti-Semitism By resolving the affair France moved forwardtoward Under The Republic New York Harper Brothers Chapman Guy Trial The Struggle Over Captain Dreyfus New York Macmillan Johnson Scandal Boston Houghton Mifflin Shirer William L Collapse If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.