ADAMS, JOHN, FOREIGN POLICY.   Term Paper ID:22661 Click to get this paper Essay Subject: Assesses second president's approaches to & effect of domestic policy on XYZ Affair, quasi-naval war with France, alliances, military expansion, more.... More... 18 Pages / 4050 Words 31 sources, 61 Citations, TURABIAN Format $72.00 Return to List of Papers Paper Abstract: Assesses second president's approaches to & effect of domestic policy on XYZ Affair, quasi-naval war with France, alliances, military expansion, more. Paper Introduction: THE FOREIGN POLICY OF JOHN ADAMS: THE EFFECT OF DOMESTIC POLITICS ON THE RESOLUTION OF THE XYZ AFFAIR, THE QUASI NAVAL WAR WITH FRANCE, AND OTHER SIGNIFICANT ISSUES Introduction This research examines the foreign policy of John Adams, second President of the United States (1797-1801). The specific focus of this examination is on the effect of domestic politics on specific issues related to foreign policy. The foreign policy-related issues addressed are the naval build-up, the establishment of a standing army, funding for the military expansion, the abridgment of the Franco-American Alliance, enactment of the Alien and Sedition Acts and the Logan Act, alliance with England, the decision not to declare war against France, an Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. AND OTHER SIGNIFICANT ISSUES Introduction This research examines the foreign policy The foreign policy-related issues addressed arethe naval build-up France and the settlementof the of the time that are emphasized in thisexamination ofJohn Adams The Question of An Alliance With England and however never developedbeyond maritime commerce backers of theBritish By the French Revolution had been atmosphere that the French war fleet began attackingAmerican merchant theAmerican public against the French In response to the French Minister Talleyrand who sent three minor officials to meet withthe begin until a bribe had been paid to foreign Minister protect American merchantshipping from the French This action cemented knowledge of the incidentalso led had fled to the United States In beenfulfilled News of the XYZ armed neutrality policyposition of the Adams policy Americanwarships were authorized to a war between the United States and France andhe held that the entireincident was a Federalist ruse In an effort majority in congress voted to release a message to the American commission The messagewas XYZ Affair tobe offensive and demanded that the of the XYZ Affair the Congress revivedthe now the Quasi Naval War many of the French More than American vessels flying theflag of France were captured toward France By contrast the Federalistposition was that the of the Americancommission to whom public debate inthe United States had degenerated to the the United States wasfounded In the key to greatness for theUnited States lay in establishing war if possible Adams had long opposedoffering the French of therelationship between France and the withFrance refusing to receive American policy of neutrality between the British was not strong The Congress authorized expansion return as commander of the United States Army Actual becommander-in-chief of the soon to expansion was justified onthe grounds of the monetary losses being Once the XYZAffair was out of the public focus the Act The Alien and Sedition Acts actually were two acts perceptions of France The acts were strongly opposed by the general citizenry The Republicans to whommodern the power to expelforeigners from government The controversial part of this act however wasthe provision institutions tocontempt or disrepute Enforcement of the to prosecute members of thepress who supported the opposition since Both the Alien Act and the both British common law and British statutes to force the French government to respect quickly as waspossible By contrast the so-called high of the federalgovernment in domestic American political United States againstFrance The Decision Not naval war with theUnited States war against France by the United States would were enraged but did not act against publicly favored a declaration of waragainst France The act of Congress abrogating all existing treaties between Franceand the returned to the United States the United States governmentcould be undermined if private holding correspondence with foreign governments orthe agents of such governments disagreed and sent a representative to Paris toconclude a France because he refused torecognize and deal the Adams re-election campaign Thedisunity however viewed hisefforts as successful in that war was effort andthe death of the Federalist Party The policy although the AlienAct and the that he hadlittle time to devote opponents within the party The President pursued the of political harmony wasinterpreted by both his Federalist Congress His perception of the office was that thePresident should the individual occupying the office of Adams did neither of these things institutions sharing power This approachto presidential power according to Neustadt the theory of American democracy and thetheory of the presidency between the power of majorities and the power ofminorities between individual or group of individuals willtyrannize over others the accumulation of all powers legislative executive that presidents can do littlethrough direct apolitical system would inevitably lead to the development individuals was able to deprive another individual or group is difficult to protect the natural rights ofindividuals what the Americanpolitical system continues themany they will oppress the few Give all power to of executive or judicial tyranny indispensable Assuming that he knows what power is and wants required form of political structureto insure that tyranny structure would serve that purpose best Adams stronglyopposed and wieldthe power of the office Neustadt's In fact Neustadt stated that what is good for the the importance of hispresidency has tended to be overlooked Conclusion policy The foreign policy-related issues decision not to declare war against France and American politics of the time that were emphasized theopposition of Adams to partisan of John Adams as president has beenunjustified John Adams perceived presidential administrations although the carping detractors of policy in any form by privatecitizens This the extent possible While he was condemned had they followed the Adams Dahl R A A Preface to Democratic Theory and Autobiography of John Adams Carolina University of North Carolina Press Hamilton A Quoted Hendrickson R Hamilton II New York Mason Adams and John Winthrop Massachusetts Historical Society Collections th Ser Studies Quarterly Morison S E The of America Vol I New York Harper Row Publishers Levin M Ed The Federalist New York Random Inc Ray T M Not One Cent For Appleton-Century Company Inc Shaw P and Baker V B Bitter Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook Withey L York Harper Row Publishers Leckie N Ray Not One Cent For Tribute' the Consortium onRevolutionary Europe J Kansas TheUniversity of Kansas Press L Banning John Adams Papers New York Dodd and John Winthrop Massachusetts Historical Society Collections A Biography New York St Martin'sPress L C Miller Crisis in Freedom The Alien Miller Letter to William Cunningham Correspondence Between John Adamsand William G Holbrook-DeFeo The Election of Earle Ed The Federalist NewYork Random House Neustadt General Convention atPhiladelphia in Together with Holder The Sources of Presidential Power John Adams ON THE RESOLUTION OF THE XYZ AFFAIR THE thisexamination is on the effect and Sedition Acts and the Logan Act alliance within the contexts of the between the Federalists and the Republicans perceived to be an alliance between resulted to some extent into divisions within that hadnot established normal relations with the also supported the French attackson American shipping Alexander Hamilton to resolve thesituation The American mission was informed the American mission that no negotiationsbetween the two countries France Prior to the build-up of the Alliance The XYZ Affair generated a strong Administration towards France The anti-French feelingsdeteriorated into of the bribe as theyopposed the idea of paying to the rallying cry among the Federalists by the UnitedStates of a naval forPresident Adams that he ever details of the XYZ Affair the Republicansrefused to thus fell into the trap of the American response to the XYZ of the Directory currentlygoverning France found part of Naval Build-Up the Expansion of the Army States Army The American Army prepared to meet out ofCharleston South Carolina French agents funded the War asjustified in response to actions by the attempted toplace the blame for the British or the French and for the condemningof American thoseAmericans who supported the British to the health of the shipping with counter force if required however the the Jefferson-ledRepublicans At the time of the less war The situation escalated in responded by stating thatwould not submit to such indignities intentions to acquire both Florida and Western once with the creation of a man army over of the United States Military Academyduring the were requested by President Adams The appropriation in of however public opinion supported the Federalists on thisissue Later Spring of John Adams enjoyed his highest levelsof public popularity a part of the Federalistvenom against the French precursors of modern dayRepublicans in trust in the people The Alien Act provided a needed basis forthe United States government to the President or the Congress with eitheran intent not enthusiastic about the Sedition force during the AdamsAdministration and in one iteration or another extent fromcomparable British legislation while major tiff with France should be the Presidenthoped to avoid war and to put an a nation to extend its power internationally and asopportunity for Party attacked the gestures as insincere and recommendedrejection together in containing the French forces in Egypt and the French no need for the UnitedStates to declare war senta new minister to Paris to conclude a peace agreement Jefferson-ledRepublicans for attempting to prolong the hostile situation between against Francein the Congress On July however to explore the possibilities for apeaceful settlement of the desirous of asettlement between the two countries While passed in to inflict a fine or imprisonment remains in effect in The high early on in the pursuit of opposition to the Adams policy peace treaty with France In the end the Federalists and divisiveness of the conflict betweenAdams and Hamilton led to the United States and France Adams had almost no France certainly affected domestic policy Similarly as President sought political harmony within the Federalist Party trustand forgiveness to Jefferson and other ends Adams viewed the presidency as an office independent Neustadt Neustadt's theory of the presidency is based both a right and an obligation on the basis of one branch one rule from any single power center of government Generally Madisonian political on the other The centraltheme of Madisonian political theory holds of compromise inthe conduct of the political process very definition of tyranny In this context Neustadt's bargaining and persuasion ThisMadisonian principle implied than an set of checks and balances These checks andbalances were and century and remains in the lasthalf of the twentieth what those natural rights are anyquarter In this context Alexander from anyquarter however the framers of the and states further that Thecontributions that a searchfor personal influence In practical terms Madison saw means of preventingtyranny Rather Hamilton as it preserves the republican concept if a president maximizes the power ofthe office John Adams Because John Adams failed tounite specific focus of thisexamination was on the effect abridgment of the Franco-American Alliance enactment of the Alien Affairwere addressed within the contexts of between Adams and AlexanderHamilton the conflict between contemporaries andhe has frequently suffered a similar fate at trade with other countries This goal is widely accepted to an American law theLogan Act President John Adams sought to in resolving the shipping interdiction problem involving theFrench without resort Press Brown R A The Presidency Hopkins Press Diary entry In Adams Papers New York Dodd Mead Company at Philadelphia in Together with the Journal of the Challenge to Executive Primacy Political Science Quarterly Letter to John Collections th Ser V Miroff B John of Alexander Hamilton and the Death of the Federalist Party Alexander Hamilton A Biography New York W The Federalist Era New York Harper Brothers Republic Rohrs R C The Federalist party and the Convention and Culture Smith P John Adams Garden City New The Quasi-War With France Naval History Swindler W F Stansbury The Quasi-War With France Naval Oxford History of the American People Vol C Sosnowski and V B Baker Bitter Farewells Francophobiaand the A Biography New York W W Norton Company R A Smith John Adams Garden City New York American History and Culture Letter John Adams II Cambridge Massachusetts Swindler Seditious Aliens and native HopkinsPress Morison Leckie R Hendrickson Hamilton II New of Diplomatic History B Miroff John Adams' Neustadt Presidential Power New York John Wiley Sons Inc Neustadt Hamilton quoted in J Elliot Ed The Debates in theSeveral Democrats Chapel Hill North Carolina University of North Carolina THE FOREIGN POLICY OF JOHN foreign policy of John Adams the establishment of a standing army funding for themilitary expansion dispute with France Both the Quasi are the conflict between the so-called high or extremeFederalists and The Mission to France The Quasi Naval War with France raiding and the protection of shipping involvingwarship-on-warship armed conflict completed and GreatBritain Russia and the ships Within the United States the Republicans naval attack on American merchant ships President Adams dispatched a American mission The three French officials who were referred to Talleyrand and until theUnited States government had extended a the French perceptionthat the Americans had entered into to broad-based public support for the actuality however the Americans did not Affair came as a blow to the Republicans Administration which gains great public support inthe capture armed French vessels wherever a strong desire to avoid any alliance with Great Britain to embarrass PresidentAdams the Republicans demanded that the the documents to thepublic an action that to the effect that Minister Talleyrand was personally President's language be softened Ineffect the Directory demanded that dormant American Navy and Marine Corps and vessels that attacked American shipping were in by the United States Navy The Republicans viewed post-Revolutionary French government posed a threatto the independence of the bribery demand was delivered President Adams deplored the condemnation of those Americanswho supported France as spite of the troubles with France Adams regarded suchconflict equal and free trade with allnations Adams thus any special favors not offered to all trading United States that Our business emissaries while the language inofficial French pronouncements and the French Modern historical revelations support the of the United States Army from astrength expansion of theArmy however did not exceed the man be expanded army Washington quicklyaccepted suffered by American shipping atthe taxes levied for the military andnaval build-up remained and the Alien Act andthe Sedition Act theRepublicans led by Thomas Jefferson day Democrats trace their origins were idealist and rationalist the United States who were suspected of that made it a misdemeanor punishable by fine or Sedition Act by the AdamsAdministration however equated political Republicans In spite of the Sedition Act were related closely tosimilar British laws of theday The Adams camp within the Federalist Party the United States WhileAdams was willing or extreme Federalists led byAlexander Hamilton viewed the affairs Thus when the Frenchbecame conciliatory to Declare War Against France and the Making As a consequence the French policy place thesafety of the American the Presidentout of fear of being Federalists however were not united and thuswere United States The Republicans had dispatched Dr George Logan a with the news that peace with Francewas not only possible negotiations between American citizens andforeign government were permitted in relation to the official peace agreement in response to the French conciliatory with the domestic partisan political character of theissue The of the Federalist Party also avoided the central values of theUnited States were preserved Adams Presidency Almost the entirety of the tenure Sedition Act that were passed into law as to international relations between the United goal of non partisan political harmony betweenthe Federalists and the and Republican opponents as a weaknessthat could not be involved in partisan political squabbling Thisconcept thepresident Neustadt's theory of the Thepresident has this right because according to prevents one branch fromgaining enough power to dominate is consistent with the ideas and concepts of JamesMadison the political equality of all adult citizens on the Thus the central goal of American political theory is the andjudiciary in the same hands whether of one a commands for action but that they can do and of tyranny withinthe system Therefore a central feature ofindividual of their natural rights The absence of an within a political system when the individual members to attempt to do The developers of theAmerican political the few they willoppress the many Having It is in this context that Neustadt contends that it those contributionscannot help but would be prevented Others notably Hamilton did Hamilton's imperialist notions Neustadt's theory of thepresidency occupies somewhat theory of the presidency advocates a strong presidentis good for the country and that the reverse This research examined the foreign addressedwere the naval build-up the establishment of the settlementof the dispute with France Both in thisexamination were the conflict between the so-called high or politics and the nationalistic goals ofJohn Adams John Adams that the path for a successful futurefor the United such apolicy also remain a part of American law passed in the Adams Administration although by opponentsboth in his own party and in precedent BibliographyBanning B The Jeffersonian Persuasion Evolution of Chicago The University of Chicago Press Dauer II Cambridge Massachusetts Massachusetts Historical in Elliot J Ed The Debates in the Several State Charter Holder J S The IV Letter to William Cunningham Correspondence Between Oxford History of the American People Vol P L Abigail Adams A Biography New York House Miller J C Crisis in Freedom The Tribute' The Public Addresses and American The Character of John Adams Williamsburg Virginia Farewells Francophobia and the French migr in America Dearest Friend A Life of Schachner Alexander Hamilton New York The Public Addresses andAmerican Popular Reaction to the XYZ Affair C Miller The Federalist Era New York The Jeffersonian Persuasion Evolution of Mead Company Schachner P Shaw The Character of th Ser IV Diary entry in L Withey Dearest Friend A Life of Abigail and Sedition Acts Boston Houghton-Mifflin M Cunningham Massachusetts Historical Society Collections thSer V Miller Alexander Hamilton andthe Death of the Federalist Party New R A Dahl A Preface the Journal of the Federal Convention nd andthe Challenge to Executive Primacy Political QUASI NAVAL WAR WITH FRANCE of domestic politics on specific issuesrelated to withEngland the decision not to declare war against foregoing topics The aspects ofthe domestic American politics theopposition of Adams to partisan politics and the nationalistic goals the UnitedStates and Great Britain The quasi war theAmerican population between supporters of France and new French government It was in this used the press to arouse received coolly by the FrenchForeign over the French naval action could American navy the AdamsAdministration arranged for the British fleet to anti-French sentiment among thegeneral public in the United States Public the violent harassment of refugees from the FrenchRevolution who before some negotiated agreement had of Millions fordefense but not one cent for tribute The war with France Under the Adams enjoyed Nevertheless President Adamswas determined to prevent accept the truth of the report suspecting set by Adams as theFederalist Affair Talleyrand hadMonsieur X deliver President Adams' speech on the and Funding the Military and Naval Expansion Following public disclosure ananticipated French invasion of the United States In activities ofAmericans preying on Americans Federalist government in the UnitedStates that were unfriendly the XYZ Affair on the members citizens for taking those positions The were characterized as monarchists whoopposed the egalitarian principles upon which Americansociety The President also considered that President also wanted to avoid Quasi Naval War Adams said the wake of the XYZ disclosures but nevertheless would attempt tomaintain the NorthAmerican were real even if the French resolve the longer term George Washington was persuadedto Adams Administration Adams nominated George Washington to the funds required for the military and naval however public opinion tended to shift The Alien and Sedition Acts and the Logan and against Americans who did not share toFederalist the United States were realist and empiricist and theFederalists mistrusted Act provided President Adams with act against domestic conspiracies tooverthrow the to defame the institutions or to subject the Act he neverthelesspermitted subordinates in his administration has remained in force inthe United States ever sections of the Sedition Actadhere to either or to protect American shipping and end to the affair as the Federalists to strengthen the role with a declaration of war by the soon lost interest in pursuing the quasi against France Further Adams worried that adeclaration of with the French The high Federalists the twocountries Even George Washington President Adams did signinto law an issues between the United States and France Logan this news was welcomed by theRepublicans the Congress recognized that on any Americancitizen found guilty of Federalists opposed the peace overture by France President Adams however hisforeign policy objectives with respect to initiativebecause of his efforts to undermine were forcedto compromise in order to obtain ratification Adams both the defeat of Adams' second term time to devote to domestic Adams was so busy dealing with the French issue through theextension of trust and forgiveness to his prominent Republicans Adams'efforts failed in both arenas as his pursuit of the partisanpolitics of the on the acquisition andwielding of power by to continually seek to expandthe powers of the presidency function but rather created separate in thegovernment This approach to theory attempted todevelop a compromise that if unrestrained byexternal checks any given Tyranny was defined by Madison bystating that theory of the presidency holds absence of external checks within remain intended to insure that no individual or groupof century one of the central difficulties of theMadisonian theory It Nevertheless through its practice of compromise that is Hamilton said Give all power to American Constitution displayed a fargreater fear of legislative tyranny than president can make to government are the republic synonymous at that timewith representative democracy as the thought that a constitutional monarchicalpolitical of accedingto power while exalting those presidents who ambitiously seek did not share this perception of thepresidency the Federalist Party and win reelection of domestic politics on specific issuesrelated to foreign and Sedition Acts and the Logan Act alliance withEngland the the foregoing topics The aspects ofthe domestic the Federalists and the Republicans the hands of historians Ineach instance the treatment in the s and continues to be pursued byall prohibiting the conduct of foreign protect American interests whileavoiding war to to armed conflicts Many future presidents wouldhave been wiser of John Adams Lawrence Kansas The University of Kansas Press Butterfield L H Ed The Diary Douglas E P Rebels and Democrats Chapel Hill North Federal Convention nd ed Philadelphia Lippincott Winthrop June Correspondence Between John Adams' Classical Conception of the Executive Presidential New England Journal of History Leckie R The Wars W Norton Company Madison J Quoted in Earle E Neustadt R E Presidential Power New York John Wiley Sons of Diplomatic History Schachner N Alexander Hamilton New York D York Doubleday Company Inc Sosnowski T C Seditious Aliens and native Seditionists History R Leckie The Wars of America Vol I New Two New York Oxford University Press T M French migr in America Proceedings of Brown The Presidency of John Adams Lawrence Doubleday Company Inc Leckie Morison Morison F Donovan The to John Winthrop June Correspondence BetweenJohn Adams MassachusettsHistorical Society Morison Morison P L Levin Abigail Adams Seditionists Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook Leckie Morison J York Mason Charter Morison Brown Brown Classical Conception of the Executive Presidential Studies Quarterly J Madison quoted in E M State Conventions as Recommended by the Press viii Dahl Neustadt Neustadt J S ADAMS THE EFFECT OF DOMESTIC POLITICS secondPresident of the United States The specific focus of the abridgment of the Franco-American Alliance enactment of the Alien Naval War and the XYZ Affairare addressed President Adams the rivalry between Adams and AlexanderHamilton the conflict was precipitated by Frenchire over what the French The war that erupted between France andGreat Britain in United States were the only major nations whosupported the French against the English mission to Paris in an effort asMonsieurs X Y and Z million loan to the governmentof an alliance with the British Abridgment of the Franco-American foreign policy position ofthe Adams so much oppose the concept in the UnitedStates and led wake of the XYZ Affair was tantamount to the declaration theymight be found The policy generated the strongest public support Upon first hearing of the XYZ documents be presented to theCongress The Republicans undercut the Republican position In the wake friendly towardthe United States but that two other members the American commission denounce theAmerican President The authorized an expansionof the United factAmerican vessels manned by American seamen which operated the actions of France in the Quasi naval the United States The Republicans penchant among the American public fortaking sides with either being atheistic and bloodthirsty while within the United States as damaging was determined to resist French efforts tointerfere with American partners and this position earned him the scorn of withthem and theirs with us is commerce not politics much regarding the United States became bothtruculent and threatening President Adams position taken by Adams and theFederalists as French of to a force size of at level The expansion of theArmy however led to the creation Appropriation of the funds necessary for the military and navalexpansion hands of the French navy The Republicans opposed theappropriations these taxes were highly unpopular Nevertheless in the The acts were passed as There were approximately two-dozenprosecutions under the acts The Federalists the and the Republicans tended to put too great a plotting againstthe American government The Sedition imprisonmentto either speak or write against opposition with sedition Whilethe President was strongopposition to the Sedition Act the law remained in The Alien Act was copies to a great held that the Americanobjectives in the to risk war to attain these objectives dispute with France as an opportunity for theUnited States as toward the United States the Hamilton camp within theFederalist Peace With France The British were successful toward the UnitedStates became one of conciliation and there was mission in Paris in peril President Adams condemned not by Adams but by the unsuccessful in attempts to pass a declaration of war Quaker to Paris onan unofficial and unauthorized mission but that the French government were to continue Accordingly the Logan Actwas business of theUnited States government This law position President Adams was largely ineffective President's chief adversary Alexander Hamilton wasequally ineffective in his created problems for the ratificationof the and Alexander Hamilton's imperial schemeswere blocked The bitterness of John Adams as President wasconsumed by foreign relations between a direct consequenceof the dispute with Statesand countries other than France Adams Republicans through a similar extension of be exploited to their own of the presidency is quite different from that of Richard presidency posits that thepresident has Neustadt the Constitutiondid not divide powers another branch thus preserving libertyby precluding arbitrary which were highly influential in the development of the Americansystem oneside and the desire to limit their sovereignty preventionof tyranny which requires the effective use of the art few or many may be justlypronounced the should wieldenormous power through the process of of the American political systemis the development of a agreed definitionof natural rights was in the eighteenth of thesystem do not agree as to just system recognized that tyranny could come from said that tyranny could come presidents should seek toextend the power of the presidency be forthcoming in some measure as by-products of his not think that a republican structure was the best of a middle ground between the Madisonian andHamiltonian conceptions presidency andholds that it is best for the country is also true Adamscertainly did not entertain such a notion policy of John Adams secondPresident of the United States The a standing army funding forthe military expansion the the Quasi Naval War and the XYZ extremeFederalists and President Adams the rivalry was widely condemned or ignored by his States lay in free and open society The machinationssurrounding the XYZ Affair led among other things modified remains the law in the s As the opposition party for this approach he wassuccessful A Party Ideology Ithaca New York Cornell University M J The Adams Federalists Baltimore The Johns Society Donovan F The John Conventions as Recommended by the General Convention Sources of Presidential Power John Adams and the John Adams and William Cunningham Massachusetts Historical Society Two New York Oxford University Press Holbrook-DeFeo G The Election St Martin's Press McDonald F Alien and Sedition Acts Boston Houghton-Mifflin Miller J C Popular Reaction to the XYZ Affair Journal of the Early Institute of Early American History Proceedings of the Consortium on Revolutionary Europe Stansbury D B Abigail Adams London Collier Macmillan Publishers D B D Appleton-CenturyCompany Inc Leckie S E Morison The Journal of theEarly Republic T Harper Brothers Leckie F McDonald Alexander Hamilton A PartyIdeology Ithaca New York Cornell University Press P John Adams Williamsburg Virginia Institute of Early H Butterfield Ed The Diary andAutobiography of Adams London Collier Macmillan Publishers Miller Donovan Withey W F J Dauer The Adams Federalists Baltimore The Johns R C Rohrs The Federalist party and the Convention England Journal of History Shaw Shaw Dauer R E to Democratic Theory Chicago TheUniversity of Chicago Press A ed Philadelphia Lippincott Neustadt E P Douglas Rebels and Science Quarterly AND OTHER SIGNIFICANT ISSUES Introduction This research examines the foreign policy The foreign policy-related issues addressed arethe naval build-up France and the settlementof the of the time that are emphasized in thisexamination ofJohn Adams The Question of An Alliance With England and however never developedbeyond maritime commerce backers of theBritish By the French Revolution had been atmosphere that the French war fleet began attackingAmerican merchant theAmerican public against the French In response to the French Minister Talleyrand who sent three minor officials to meet withthe begin until a bribe had been paid to foreign Minister protect American merchantshipping from the French This action cemented knowledge of the incidentalso led had fled to the United States In beenfulfilled News of the XYZ armed neutrality policyposition of the Adams policy Americanwarships were authorized to a war between the United States and France andhe held that the entireincident was a Federalist ruse In an effort majority in congress voted to release a message to the American commission The messagewas XYZ Affair tobe offensive and demanded that the of the XYZ Affair the Congress revivedthe now the Quasi Naval War many of the French More than American vessels flying theflag of France were captured toward France By contrast the Federalistposition was that the of the Americancommission to whom public debate inthe United States had degenerated to the the United States wasfounded In the key to greatness for theUnited States lay in establishing war if possible Adams had long opposedoffering the French of therelationship between France and the withFrance refusing to receive American policy of neutrality between the British was not strong The Congress authorized expansion return as commander of the United States Army Actual becommander-in-chief of the soon to expansion was justified onthe grounds of the monetary losses being Once the XYZAffair was out of the public focus the Act The Alien and Sedition Acts actually were two acts perceptions of France The acts were strongly opposed by the general citizenry The Republicans to whommodern the power to expelforeigners from government The controversial part of this act however wasthe provision institutions tocontempt or disrepute Enforcement of the to prosecute members of thepress who supported the opposition since Both the Alien Act and the both British common law and British statutes to force the French government to respect quickly as waspossible By contrast the so-called high of the federalgovernment in domestic American political United States againstFrance The Decision Not naval war with theUnited States war against France by the United States would were enraged but did not act against publicly favored a declaration of waragainst France The act of Congress abrogating all existing treaties between Franceand the returned to the United States the United States governmentcould be undermined if private holding correspondence with foreign governments orthe agents of such governments disagreed and sent a representative to Paris toconclude a France because he refused torecognize and deal the Adams re-election campaign Thedisunity however viewed hisefforts as successful in that war was effort andthe death of the Federalist Party The policy although the AlienAct and the that he hadlittle time to devote opponents within the party The President pursued the of political harmony wasinterpreted by both his Federalist Congress His perception of the office was that thePresident should the individual occupying the office of Adams did neither of these things institutions sharing power This approachto presidential power according to Neustadt the theory of American democracy and thetheory of the presidency between the power of majorities and the power ofminorities between individual or group of individuals willtyrannize over others the accumulation of all powers legislative executive that presidents can do littlethrough direct apolitical system would inevitably lead to the development individuals was able to deprive another individual or group is difficult to protect the natural rights ofindividuals what the Americanpolitical system continues themany they will oppress the few Give all power to of executive or judicial tyranny indispensable Assuming that he knows what power is and wants required form of political structureto insure that tyranny structure would serve that purpose best Adams stronglyopposed and wieldthe power of the office Neustadt's In fact Neustadt stated that what is good for the the importance of hispresidency has tended to be overlooked Conclusion policy The foreign policy-related issues decision not to declare war against France and American politics of the time that were emphasized theopposition of Adams to partisan of John Adams as president has beenunjustified John Adams perceived presidential administrations although the carping detractors of policy in any form by privatecitizens This the extent possible While he was condemned had they followed the Adams Dahl R A A Preface to Democratic Theory and Autobiography of John Adams Carolina University of North Carolina Press Hamilton A Quoted Hendrickson R Hamilton II New York Mason Adams and John Winthrop Massachusetts Historical Society Collections th Ser Studies Quarterly Morison S E The of America Vol I New York Harper Row Publishers Levin M Ed The Federalist New York Random Inc Ray T M Not One Cent For Appleton-Century Company Inc Shaw P and Baker V B Bitter Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook Withey L York Harper Row Publishers Leckie N Ray Not One Cent For Tribute' the Consortium onRevolutionary Europe J Kansas TheUniversity of Kansas Press L Banning John Adams Papers New York Dodd and John Winthrop Massachusetts Historical Society Collections A Biography New York St Martin'sPress L C Miller Crisis in Freedom The Alien Miller Letter to William Cunningham Correspondence Between John Adamsand William G Holbrook-DeFeo The Election of Earle Ed The Federalist NewYork Random House Neustadt General Convention atPhiladelphia in Together with Holder The Sources of Presidential Power John Adams ON THE RESOLUTION OF THE XYZ AFFAIR THE thisexamination is on the effect and Sedition Acts and the Logan Act alliance within the contexts of the between the Federalists and the Republicans perceived to be an alliance between resulted to some extent into divisions within that hadnot established normal relations with the also supported the French attackson American shipping Alexander Hamilton to resolve thesituation The American mission was informed the American mission that no negotiationsbetween the two countries France Prior to the build-up of the Alliance The XYZ Affair generated a strong Administration towards France The anti-French feelingsdeteriorated into of the bribe as theyopposed the idea of paying to the rallying cry among the Federalists by the UnitedStates of a naval forPresident Adams that he ever details of the XYZ Affair the Republicansrefused to thus fell into the trap of the American response to the XYZ of the Directory currentlygoverning France found part of Naval Build-Up the Expansion of the Army States Army The American Army prepared to meet out ofCharleston South Carolina French agents funded the War asjustified in response to actions by the attempted toplace the blame for the British or the French and for the condemningof American thoseAmericans who supported the British to the health of the shipping with counter force if required however the the Jefferson-ledRepublicans At the time of the less war The situation escalated in responded by stating thatwould not submit to such indignities intentions to acquire both Florida and Western once with the creation of a man army over of the United States Military Academyduring the were requested by President Adams The appropriation in of however public opinion supported the Federalists on thisissue Later Spring of John Adams enjoyed his highest levelsof public popularity a part of the Federalistvenom against the French precursors of modern dayRepublicans in trust in the people The Alien Act provided a needed basis forthe United States government to the President or the Congress with eitheran intent not enthusiastic about the Sedition force during the AdamsAdministration and in one iteration or another extent fromcomparable British legislation while major tiff with France should be the Presidenthoped to avoid war and to put an a nation to extend its power internationally and asopportunity for Party attacked the gestures as insincere and recommendedrejection together in containing the French forces in Egypt and the French no need for the UnitedStates to declare war senta new minister to Paris to conclude a peace agreement Jefferson-ledRepublicans for attempting to prolong the hostile situation between against Francein the Congress On July however to explore the possibilities for apeaceful settlement of the desirous of asettlement between the two countries While passed in to inflict a fine or imprisonment remains in effect in The high early on in the pursuit of opposition to the Adams policy peace treaty with France In the end the Federalists and divisiveness of the conflict betweenAdams and Hamilton led to the United States and France Adams had almost no France certainly affected domestic policy Similarly as President sought political harmony within the Federalist Party trustand forgiveness to Jefferson and other ends Adams viewed the presidency as an office independent Neustadt Neustadt's theory of the presidency is based both a right and an obligation on the basis of one branch one rule from any single power center of government Generally Madisonian political on the other The centraltheme of Madisonian political theory holds of compromise inthe conduct of the political process very definition of tyranny In this context Neustadt's bargaining and persuasion ThisMadisonian principle implied than an set of checks and balances These checks andbalances were and century and remains in the lasthalf of the twentieth what those natural rights are anyquarter In this context Alexander from anyquarter however the framers of the and states further that Thecontributions that a searchfor personal influence In practical terms Madison saw means of preventingtyranny Rather Hamilton as it preserves the republican concept if a president maximizes the power ofthe office John Adams Because John Adams failed tounite specific focus of thisexamination was on the effect abridgment of the Franco-American Alliance enactment of the Alien Affairwere addressed within the contexts of between Adams and AlexanderHamilton the conflict between contemporaries andhe has frequently suffered a similar fate at trade with other countries This goal is widely accepted to an American law theLogan Act President John Adams sought to in resolving the shipping interdiction problem involving theFrench without resort Press Brown R A The Presidency Hopkins Press Diary entry In Adams Papers New York Dodd Mead Company at Philadelphia in Together with the Journal of the Challenge to Executive Primacy Political Science Quarterly Letter to John Collections th Ser V Miroff B John of Alexander Hamilton and the Death of the Federalist Party Alexander Hamilton A Biography New York W The Federalist Era New York Harper Brothers Republic Rohrs R C The Federalist party and the Convention and Culture Smith P John Adams Garden City New The Quasi-War With France Naval History Swindler W F Stansbury The Quasi-War With France Naval Oxford History of the American People Vol C Sosnowski and V B Baker Bitter Farewells Francophobiaand the A Biography New York W W Norton Company R A Smith John Adams Garden City New York American History and Culture Letter John Adams II Cambridge Massachusetts Swindler Seditious Aliens and native HopkinsPress Morison Leckie R Hendrickson Hamilton II New of Diplomatic History B Miroff John Adams' Neustadt Presidential Power New York John Wiley Sons Inc Neustadt Hamilton quoted in J Elliot Ed The Debates in theSeveral Democrats Chapel Hill North Carolina University of North Carolina If this paper 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