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THOMAS MERTON.
Term Paper ID:30770
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Essay Subject:
Discusses his life and writings.... More...
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4 Pages / 900 Words
5 sources, 8 Citations,
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Paper Abstract:
His conversion to Roman Catholicism. His choosing a life of solitude and enterting the Trappist monastery as a monk. His concept of sacramental solidtude. Ability to listen to God. Detachment from material aspects of the secular world. His application of spirituality to world issues through his writings. His criticisms of contemporary religion.
Paper Introduction:
Thomas Merton (1915-1968), a Trappist monk of the Cistercian Abbey of Gethseman near Bardstown, Kentucky, was well-known for applying spirituality to world issues. During his college days at Columbia where he participated in political activism with communists, Merton converted to Roman Catholicism. At the age of 26 in 1941, he applied successfully to enter the Trappist monastery, a place of solitude that enabled him to connect with God for the next 27 years. In the midst of his solitude, he also sought to reach out to the secular world through his personal and spiritual writings (Webster 388-91).
One of the primary concepts of his writings is sacramental solitude. According to Merton, the desire to live one’s life in solitude is a calling: “It is not a question of choosing solitude; it is she who has chosen me” (Merton, Courage 28). By enter
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MARTIN LUTHER AND JOHN CALVIN.
Term Paper ID:30622
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Essay Subject:
Examines the religious ideas of the two leaders of the Protestant Reformation.... More...
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8 Pages / 1800 Words
5 sources, 19 Citations,
MLA Format
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Paper Abstract:
Examines the religious ideas of the two leaders of the Protestant Reformation. Social changes of the 16th Century. Luther's challenge to the Church. His concepts of Revelation, faith and the relationship between humanity and God. Calvin's amplification of Luther's ideas. Doctrinal differences between Lutheranism and Calvinism. Calvin's belief in predestination.
Paper Introduction:
Martin Luther (1483-1546) and John Calvin (1509-1564) were two of the principal leaders of the Protestant Reformation that transformed Western Europe in the sixteenth century. In the German states of the early sixteenth century there was "a combination of circumstances favourable to rebellion," the agricultural peasantry was oppressed and impoverished and the rest of the society strained against the domination of the Church and the excesses of ecclesiastical-temporal rulers of many bishoprics and monasteries (Sykes 28). Yet the form of the vast social change that eventually occurred was very different from outright armed rebellion against the civil or even the ecclesiastical authorities. There were minor peasants' revolts, it is true, but in general social change began in the arena of spiritual matters and this is due almost entirely to Luther's
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BLACKS AND RELIGION.
Term Paper ID:30600
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Essay Subject:
Discusses the vital role the Church has played in African American culture.... More...
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3 Pages / 675 Words
5 sources, 8 Citations,
APA Format
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Paper Abstract:
Discusses the vital role the Church has played in African American culture. Its function as the social center in a racist society. How Black theology is different from White theology. Churches as centes of political, educational and social lives, not just houses of worship. Slaves and religion. Charismatic leaders of African American Christians.
Paper Introduction:
BLACKS AND RELIGION IN THE U.S.
When black slaves arrived from Africa, they were not Christian. Today, American African-Americans may well be among the most fervent Christians in the United States. The charismatic leaders of Black American Christians -- from Frederick Douglass and Thurgood Marshall (who preached but where not ordained ministers) to Martin Luther King, Ralph Abernathy and Jesse Jackson, among others, have been the spearheads of finding affirmative action and greater equality for all American blacks. This is proof that churches play a vital role in African American culture, and not just as houses of worship. They also stand at the center of the political, educational and social lives of black Americans. What is different about black theology? It is “due exclusively to the failure of white religionists to r
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JOHN PAUL II.
Term Paper ID:30599
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Essay Subject:
The Pope's emphasis on the union of theology and philosophy in the quest for truth.... More...
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8 Pages / 1800 Words
6 sources, 32 Citations,
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Paper Abstract:
The Pope's emphasis on the union of theology and philosophy in the quest for truth. His 1998 encyclical "Fides et Ratio: On the Relationship between Faith and Reason." Concept of mutual support of faith and reason. Principle of non-contradiction. Problem of reliance of science on reason alone. Universality of truths.
Paper Introduction:
In his 1998 encyclical, Fides et Ratio: On the Relationship between Faith and Reason, John Paul II sought to re-emphasize the close bond that unites theological work and the philosophical quest for truth. Especially in the latter half of the twentieth century the supposed distance between these two forms of knowledge has been growing. The Pope "finds cause for alarm on the modern landscape, with its dominant features of skepticism, unbelief, and ethical uncertainty" and here he concentrates on the ways that a proper reunion of faith and reason can alleviate these problems (Thavis 11). Philosophy, which is based on reason, is seen by John Paul in a relationship of mutual support with theology, which is based on faith. They influence each other and "offer to each other a purifying critique and a stimulus to pursue the search for deeper understanding" (John
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CHRISTIANITY, HINDUISM AND BUDDHISM.
Term Paper ID:30519
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Essay Subject:
Compares and contrasts the three religions.... More...
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3 Pages / 675 Words
3 sources, 4 Citations,
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Paper Abstract:
Compares and contrasts the three religions. Their origins and basic beliefs. Idea of suffering. Hinduism's vision of existence. Belief in reincarnation of the two Eastern religions. Christian belief that individuals have one life on earth and eternal existence. Monotheism of Christianity. Many gods of Hinduism. Godhead of Buddhism.
Paper Introduction:
This study will compare and contrast Christianity, Hinduism,
and Buddhism, focusing on their origins and basic beliefs as
presented in the historical context of The Heritage of World
Civilizations, by Albert Craig, et al. In general, Hinduism and
Buddhism, religions of the East, are more similar to one another
than to Christianity, a religion of the West. Both Hinduism and
Buddhism are much older historically than Christianity, while
Christianity, unlike the other two, is monotheistic. Both the
Eastern religions believe in reincarnation, while Christianity
holds that the individual has one earthly life and thereafter
experiences an eternal existence in either hell or heaven.
Hinduism is the major religion of India, traceable to "the
second millennium before our common era." Craig adds that today
the term Hinduism "has become a catchall term used for all the
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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MONARCHS AND THE CHURCH.
Term Paper ID:30149
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Essay Subject:
Compares and contrasts how two writers treat the issue of the Church and kings within a social system.... More...
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4 Pages / 900 Words
2 sources, 18 Citations,
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Paper Abstract:
Compares and contrasts how two writers treat the issue of the Church and kings within a social system. Books are THE LIFE OF CHARLEMAGNE and HISTORY OF THE FRANKS. How the religioius feelings of rulers shaped Church-State relationships.. Interaction of the secular and the religious for mutual advantage. Church-State power conflicts.
Paper Introduction:
The purpose of this brief essay is to compare and contrast the treatment of the relationship between monarch(s) and the Church in The Life of Charlemagne by Einhard and Gregory of Tours' History of the Franks. The two writer describe an interdependent Church and monarchy in which the religious or spiritual intensity of a given ruler was often less significant in shaping Church-State relationships than other matters. Both books demonstrate that Church and kings interacted for mutual advantage and because, in the wake of the dissolution of the Roman Empire and throughout the so-called "Dark Ages," the monarchy and the Church emerged as the only two normative institutions in a fragmented social system.
Gregory (p. 33) has commented that among the early kings of the Franks, Childeric was "excessively wanton." Though a ruler, this early king was in no sense as religious as his son Clovis,
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JEWISH IDENTITY AND THE HOLOCAUST.
Term Paper ID:30066
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Essay Subject:
Examines how the Holocaust has been a central event in shaping identity for survivors and their children, and other Jews.... More...
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10 Pages / 2250 Words
5 sources, 12 Citations,
APA Format
$40.00
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Paper Abstract:
Examines how the Holocaust has been a central event in shaping identity for survivors and their children, and other Jews. Contends that the Holocaust created an ethnocentric identity. Concept of a world Jewish community. Role of the State of Israel. Secularization of Jewish communities. Observance of rituals. Impact of modernity.
Paper Introduction:
What does it mean to be a Jew? This question of ontological status seems to be more troubling to Jews than to the members of other religions, especially in the wake of the Holocaust and especially for those who were directly affected by the Holocaust – the survivors and their families. This paper examines how the Holocaust has been a central event in shaping identity for survivors and their children, as well as in some ways the identities of other 20th century and 21st century Jews, creating for some at least a sense of identity that is almost ethnocentric.
Much about Jewish identity has been changed forever as a result of the Holocaust. One of these fundamental changes has been the fact that Judaism has become a non-European religion; its three major centers (which together include more than three-fourt
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NATIVE AMERICAN RELIGION OF PEYOTISM.
Term Paper ID:29967
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Essay Subject:
Discusses conflicts between religious practitioners of Peyotism and American laws and society.... More...
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9 Pages / 2025 Words
6 sources, 10 Citations,
APA Format
$36.00
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Paper Abstract:
Discusses conflicts between religioius practitioners of Peyotism and American laws and society. First Amendment protection vs. traditional use of psychedelic drug (peyote/mescal). History of Peyotism; its rites & ceremonies. Its religious significance. Its social & cultural characteristics. The Ghost Dance. Sense of identity. Actions of the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) & traditional Christian missionaries. Current legal status of the religion of Peyotism.
Paper Introduction:
Peyotism is the largest religion started, organized, and directed by and for Native Americans and gets its title from the fact that members of the religion use the peyote -– sometimes referred to as mescal –- in their ceremonies, a point that has caused fascinating legal challenges between those supporting the First Amendment protection of freedom of religious practice in the United States and those who wish to prohibit the use of hallucinogenic drugs for what they see as recreational (or at least on-medicinal) purposes. Peyotism has also brought the Native Americans into conflict with mainstream society, and one might speculate that part of the reason that the followers of peyotism have been so adamant in their insistence on using it is the Indians’ wish to wrest some control of ceremony and cultural identity back from the society that tried so hard for so many years
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CHRISTIAN & NON-CHRISTIAN RELIGIONS.
Term Paper ID:29956
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Essay Subject:
Compares differences and some similarities in ritual & belief in non-Christian (African) and Christian (Baptist) religion.... More...
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3 Pages / 675 Words
2 sources, 10 Citations,
MLA Format
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Paper Abstract:
Compares differences and some similarities in ritual & belief in non-Christian (African) and Christian (Baptist) religion. Examines the cultural differences related to these religions for Africans and African-Americans. Historical Baptist ties to slavery. Imposition of Christianity on slaves. Nature of worship. Survival of African religioius spirit and experience in religioius beliefs of African Americans in the U.S.
Paper Introduction:
There are important differences in ritual and belief between the non-Christian religion (African) described in Marimba Ani's Let the Circle Be Unbroken and the Christian religion (Baptist) described in Albert J. Raboteau's Slave Religion. The most obvious difference is that the Baptist religion has Jesus Christ at its center as God in human form, while the African religions had a number of gods. However, the greatest difference is found in the cultural differences related to those religions. The African religion is a part of a cultural tradition reaching far back in the history of Africans and African-Americans. The African religion symbolizes freedom and independence. The Baptist religion, on the other hand, symbolizes, at least in part, a brief history tied in with slavery and dependence on a culture which was foreign to Africans. In part, the Baptist religion was
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FASTING IN RELIGIOUS TRADITIONS.
Term Paper ID:29911
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Essay Subject:
Spiritual purpose of fasting in Christianity, Judaism & Islam.... More...
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4 Pages / 900 Words
6 sources, 6 Citations,
APA Format
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Paper Abstract:
Spiritual purpose of fasting in Christianity, Judaism & Islam. Pillar of Fasting of Islam which prescribes behavior for the sacred month of Ramadan. Fast of Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement, one of the Jewish high holy days. Ritual practice of fasting in Christianity; history of ascetecism, Lenten period, differences from Judaism & Islam.
Paper Introduction:
Fasting in Religious Tradition
Introduction
Fasting is a fairly common element in religious traditions, one of the spiritual practices designed to purify individuals and bring them closer to their spiritual source. The intention in this study is to look briefly at fasting within Christianity, Judaism, and Islam. Fasting can include total abstinence from food and drink, or from food, drink, smoking, sex, and other indulgences, or it can mean partial fasting, which involves reducing one's intake of material goods, including food and drink.
Remembrance
Both Judaism and Islam are more rule oriented than
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THE PAPACY AND THE CRUSADES.
Term Paper ID:29869
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Essay Subject:
Discusses how the Crusades strengthened the power of the papacy and European royalty.... More...
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3 Pages / 675 Words
1 sources, 0 Citations,
MLA Format
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Paper Abstract:
Discusses how the Crusades strengthened the power of the papacy and European royalty. The decline of the Byzantine Empire and militaristic Islamic evangelism. Effect of papal anointing of princes and creation of the College of Cardinals. Friction between the pope and European monarchies. Depletion of papal prestige. Consequences of the Crusades for European culture.
Paper Introduction:
The Papacy and The Crusades
The religious wars of the Christian monarchies of Western Europe in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries were waged to recover the Holy Land from the Muslims. When he called the First Crusade, Pope Urban II benefited from three facts: (1) the Church had achieved strong independent institutional and public presence in the West; (2) the Byzantine Empire was beginning its decline, in part because of determinedly militaristic Islamic evangelism; and (3) much of life in Western Europe was filtered through a lens of faith and obligation to God and the Church. In service to the faith, European crusaders proceeded to take Jerusalem from the Muslims, in 1099. Postwar events from 1100 onward in the wake of Christian victory provide the frame of reference for the revival of royal (secular) vis-à-vis papal power in Europe.
Begin with two facts: (1) European crusaders were mercenary and repeatedly plundered ri
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THE ROMAN EMPIRE VERSUS THE CHURCH.
Term Paper ID:29868
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Essay Subject:
Discusses role of the papacy during the early Middle Ages.... More...
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3 Pages / 675 Words
1 sources, 0 Citations,
MLA Format
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Paper Abstract:
Discusses the role of the papacy during the early Middle Ages. Collapse of Roman Empire by the fifth century. The Church as the prominent social organization in Western Europe. Uniformity of the Church. Religious and civil authority of the papacy. Institutionalization of spiritual and moral policy on civil authority. Fusion of Church and State.
Paper Introduction:
The Fall of the Roman Empire:
The Role of the Papacy
This paper will briefly examine the roles of the papacy and the Latin Church as a whole during the early Middle Ages, i.e., from barbarian invasions through the age of Charlemagne (5th-9th centuries AD).
Despite the decline of the Roman Empire by the fifth century, the whole of civil infrastructure in what had been the western part of the Empire did not collapse. One reason for this was that some groups the Romans had considered barbarians had coherent forms of social organization that they imposed when making incursions in places formerly controlled by Rome, and landowning Roman aristocrats who could back up their assertion of power with military force functioned as rulers in local areas. However, the most
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FEMALE RELIGIOUS LEADERSHIP.
Term Paper ID:29863
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Essay Subject:
Obstacles women face in achieving legitimacy as pastoral caregivers.... More...
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3 Pages / 675 Words
6 sources, 2 Citations,
MLA Format
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Paper Abstract:
Obstacles women face in achieving legitimacy as pastoral caregivers. Biblical and historical female religious ministers. Examples of Deborah, Naomi and Miriam in the Old Testament, and Mary, Mary Magdlen and Phoebe in the New Testament providing biblical sanction for contemporary women. Institutional biases. Leadership of black women in the Civil Rights Movement.
Paper Introduction:
Female pastoral leaders--especially women of color--can use scripture and history to overcome obstacles to achieving legitimacy as pastoral caregivers. Two issues immediately arise: (a) locating the position of a caregiver whose identity may be unconventional in the scheme of religious culture and (b) identifying attributes of such culture that limit effectiveness of such a caregiver. One need not be an advocate of female priesthood to see that a black female is uniquely positioned to speak to these issues. That status arises from analysis of the "engendered" quality of religious history.
There is evidence in the biblical and historical record that women--even, or especially, marginalized women--have been accepted and valued as religious ministers. Structuring the highest ministerial and clerical offices along patriarchal lines was a
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ANCIENT EGYPTIAN RELIGIOUS BELIEF.
Term Paper ID:29803
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Essay Subject:
Examines images of the deity and other symbols.... More...
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13 Pages / 2925 Words
8 sources, 24 Citations,
TURABIAN Format
$52.00
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Paper Abstract:
Examines images of the deity and other symbols. Role of symbolic artifacts. Social functionality of religious art. Effect of social stratification. Religious art for the elite. Prereligious iconography. Icons of animals. Role of Egyptian statues in religious observances. Deification of pharaoh. Funeral preparations and rituals.
Paper Introduction:
This research examines images of the deity and other symbols that play a role in ancient Egyptian religious belief. The research will set forth what the images were, how they were used, and what they explain about the nature of Egyptian religion and culture in the ancient period.
Social functionality of religious art. Whatever else is true of the role of symbolic artifacts in Egyptian religious belief, it is also true that these artifacts reflected not only religion per se but also a larger vision of organized, civilized society. For example, Baines cites the presence of an aesthetic sensibility among the elite classes of ancient Egypt. Indeed, an aesthetic sense, symbolized and concretized by way of art pieces, seems to have been one among many mechanisms for differentiating elite from ordinary social experience on one hand,
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RELIGION IN POST-INDEPENDENCE MEXICO.
Term Paper ID:29735
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Essay Subject:
Mexican Revolution of 1910 as a revolt against a number of groups including a religious revolt against a highly conservative and antiquated Church.... More...
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7 Pages / 1575 Words
7 sources, 23 Citations,
TURABIAN Format
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Paper Abstract:
Mexican Revolution of 1910 as a revolt against of number of groups including a religious revolt against a highly conservative and antiquated Church. Liberalism defined as the separation of Church and State, secular as opposed to religious education. Efforts to modernize the nation. Ultimate rebellion of many Mexican Catholics against liberalism.
Paper Introduction:
Religion in Post-Independence Mexico
The revolutionary government of Mexico attempted a far-reaching cultural transformation of Mexican society from 1910 to 1940 (and beyond) by promoting nationalism, literacy, thrift, and industry. Simultaneously, the government supported socialist values and attempted to diminish and even eradicate the influence of the Roman Catholic Church. According to Robert E. Quirk, the Mexican Revolution of 1910 was a revolution against a number of disparate forces or groups: a political revolt against dictatorship; an economic revolt against Cientificios, hacendados, and foreign capitalists; a nationalistic revolt against the sub-owners of Mexico’s birthright (gringos and gauchipines); a religious revolt against a highly conservative and increasingly antiquated Church; and a
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CATHOLIC PRIESTS.
Term Paper ID:29728
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Essay Subject:
Discusses anti-Catholic stereotypes.... More...
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3 Pages / 675 Words
3 sources, 6 Citations,
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Paper Abstract:
Discusses anti-Catholic stereotypes. Celibate priests as hypocritical and sexual predicators; homosexual pedophilia. The sacrament of Confession as the Church's remedy for priestly imperfection. Incorrect notions of the concept of Confession as allowing behavior to remain secret. Catholic doctrine as requiring authenticity; insistence on penitent's recourse and resolve to sin no more.
Paper Introduction:
In a cultural environment where multiple perverse sex crimes against children have been laid at the feet of Catholic priests, it should hardly be surprising that anti-Catholic stereotypes have new currency and credibility. One such stereotype is that the Catholic clergy, supposedly celibate, is in fact riddled with hypocrisy and sexual predation. Criminal sexuality of priests belies their official image celibates. Meanwhile, priests are sitting pretty because all they have to do to get out of their guilt is confess their sins. This research looks at stereotypes of priestly imperfection and the Church's remedy for imperfection: the sacrament of Confession.
The Catholic Encyclopedia summarizes multiple issue fronts on celibacy when citing a comment by 19th-century French novelist and anticlerical "free thinker" George Sand, to the effect that a marri
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ROMAN CATHOLIC HOLIDAYS.
Term Paper ID:29636
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Essay Subject:
History of the early Church and its traditions.... More...
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5 Pages / 1125 Words
9 sources, 12 Citations,
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Paper Abstract:
History of the early Church and its traditions. Meanings and importance of Christmas, Easter, Lent and Good Friday. Evolution of each holiday, and differences in the manner in which they are celebrated. The holidays as holy days. Pagan origin of many Christmas and Easter customs and observances. Holy Week as a time of spiritual preparation. Good Friday as celebration of crucifixion of Jesus.
Paper Introduction:
Introduction
Each of the four (4) Roman Catholic holidays discussed herein (Christmas, Easter, Lent and Good Friday) has its own history, meaning and importance. Similarly each has had its own evolution and the manner in which each is celebrated is decidedly different.
The Catholic holidays (holy days) and their traditions came from ancient Babylon (via the Babylonian “mysteries”), through Rome, and then through the Catholic church. All of the ancient civilizations (Egypt, Greece, Rome, India, and China) had beliefs, traditions, gods and goddesses that were related in some way to Babylon (Tennuchi).
In 313 AD the Roman emperor, Constantine, adopted the Christian faith and declared it to be the state religion. While he embraced Christianity,
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SEX SCANDALS AND THE CATHOLIC CHURCH.
Term Paper ID:29621
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Essay Subject:
Church response to sex abuse allegations.... More...
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6 Pages / 1350 Words
9 sources, 28 Citations,
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$24.00
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Paper Abstract:
Church response to sex abuse allegations. Concerns of parishioners over integrity of the American Catholic Church. Church protection of pedophile priests. Church's maintenance of complete and secret oversight of future sex-abuse allegations. The 2002 "zero-tolerance policy" for clergy sexual indiscretions adopted by American Catholic Bishops.
Paper Introduction:
Sex Scandals and the Catholic Church
In June 2002, the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops proposed a “zero-tolerance policy” for sexual indiscretions by its clergy and vowed to hold itself accountable to parishioners when this new policy was violated (Tyre & Scelfo, 2002). The new policy arose after an avalanche of media revelations that began with a Boston Globe report in January 2002 titled “Church Allowed Abuse by Priest for Years.” The report detailed how Boston’s Cardinal Bernard Law and his predecessors had repeatedly protected pedophile priests (Carroll, 2002). More disturbing, however, were the numerous subsequent revelations that not only Law in Boston, but many bishops across the country had repeatedly learned of sex-abuse by their clergymen and solved the problem by paying off the victim and moving the clergymen to another parish where, in many cases, the clergymen merely found new victims.
The June 2002 policy proposal was a proper, if tardy, step in the right direction for the Catholic
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RASTAFARIANISM.
Term Paper ID:29619
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Essay Subject:
"Rasta" belief and worldview.... More...
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7 Pages / 1575 Words
6 sources, 16 Citations,
MLA Format
$28.00
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Paper Abstract:
"Rasta' belief and worldview; a form of religious and cultural expression. Discusses link between Rasta and contemporary music. Political/cultural influences such as Pan Africanism, Back-to-Africa movement, popular culture of modern Jamaica. Musical influences and the emergence of hip-hop music. Jamaican Reggae, Ska, Bob Marley and the Wailers. Internationalized rhythmic sound rooted in Rasta ideas.
Paper Introduction:
The purpose of this research is to examine the effects of Rastafarianism on contemporary music. The plan of the research will be to set forth the popular-culture origins of Rastafarianism as a mode of religious and cultural expression and then to discuss the musical influences and implications of that can be identified with and/or traced to Rastafarian adherents, enthusiasts, and stylists.
The linkage between Rastafarianism and contemporary music can be connected first and foremost to the linkages between Africans and Anglo-Europeans in the New World, particularly as mediated by the popular culture of modern Jamaica. The origins of Rastafarianism were religious. They go back to the 1930s in Jamaica, when the first meaningful wave of Jamaican emigrants began to move out of the Caribbean and into America and England (Murr
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CHRISTOLOICAL CONTROVERSY.
Term Paper ID:29530
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Essay Subject:
Examines the debate of 5th Century Christianity.... More...
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4 Pages / 900 Words
5 sources, 10 Citations,
APA Format
$16.00
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Paper Abstract:
Examines the debate of 5th Century Christianity. Outgrowth of the Trinitiarian controversy. Godhead comprised of three persons made of one substance. Complexity of the two natures of Jesus: divine and human. Ideas of Bishop Nestorius. The Nicene Creed that formally ended the Christological controversy.
Paper Introduction:
This research examines the Christological controversy in fifth-century Christianity. It was an outgrowth of and overlapped with the so-called Trinitiarian controversy, which was resolved in AD 381 at the Council of Constantinople, where it was declared that the Godhead comprised three persons, Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, "begotten, not made, of one substance"--the Son and Spirit "proceeding from" but not subsidiary to the Father, who is coequal with Son and Spirit, who are also coequal (Nicene Creed, 1954, p. 372.
The Trinitarian debate achieved importance in part because of disagreement over the issue of Christ's existence as divine or human. Even when, in 381, the Council of Constantinople declared Christ to be divine, there was still the lingering problem of history, notably, the fact that the first-century Jew who w
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TRINITARIAN CONTROVERSY.
Term Paper ID:29529
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Essay Subject:
Discusses phases of the controversy from AD 318 to AD 382.... More...
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5 Pages / 1125 Words
7 sources, 9 Citations,
APA Format
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Paper Abstract:
Discusses phases of the controversy from AD 318 to AD 382. Issue of the Trinity. Definitive theological position of the Church that God comprises one nature or substance, which is divine, in three divine persons, or entities. Purpose to give authority to the institutional character of the Church that was taking place in the 4th Century.
Paper Introduction:
The Trinitarian controversy lasted from AD 318 to AD 382, concluding with the Council of Constantinople of AD 381, at which the definitive theological position of the Church on the Trinity was formally articulated. That position holds that God comprises one nature or substance, which is divine, in three divine persons, or entities. Whether or not that position makes sense as a theological mystery, a fundamental article of faith, or a nonsense statement must be set aside for the moment. What is important is that the Church fathers who found meaning in it did so in order to lend authority and rationality to the institutional character of the organization that was taking shape in the fourth century.
The first phase Trinitarian controversy erupted soon after the emperor Constantine embraced Christianity and stopped the polic
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OBLATE SISTERS OF PROVIDENCE (OSP).
Term Paper ID:29423
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Essay Subject:
Origin and development of this Roman Catholic order of nuns.... More...
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18 Pages / 4050 Words
24 sources, 68 Citations,
APA Format
$72.00
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Paper Abstract:
Origin and development of this Roman Catholic order of nuns. Historical, social and cultural context of OSP. OSP as an active laity. 19th Century cultural environment in which OSP was established. Second Great Awakening. High number of women of African ethnicity in order. The OSP boarding school for children. Notion of charity as a public service.
Paper Introduction:
This research traces the origins and development of the Oblate Sisters of Providence (OSP), a Roman Catholic order of nuns, from its founding in 1829 to the present date. The research will introduce the historical context in which the OSP emerged and then discuss the principal figures of the order, how it responded to the vicissitudes of 19th-century American culture, and the manner in which it coped with the challenges of leadership, service, and durability as it evolved into the modern era.
In order to appreciate the culture of the OSP, it may be useful to define the term oblate, which has as its root word the Latin word meaning "one offered up" (Oblate, 2000). In a religious context, oblate refers to one who embraces and lives a monastic life but is not formally bound by the monastic rule or vows.
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METHODISM.
Term Paper ID:29376
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Essay Subject:
Examination of the Methodist faith.... More...
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11 Pages / 2475 Words
11 sources, 22 Citations,
MLA Format
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Paper Abstract:
Examination of the Methodist faith. Historical and cultural context. Concept of non-reliance on institutional authority for doctrinal guidance. Spiritual and ritual tolerance. Current status of Methodism as a faith. UMC's Book of Discipline. Discusses attendance at a Methodist service by a Catholic.
Paper Introduction:
This research examines the Methodist faith. The research will give an account of the historical an cultural context and current status of Methodism as a faith and also discuss attendance at a Methodist ritual service.
One of the most serious challenges facing any comparative study of religion, particularly for the person of faith, is the impulse to break with scholarly objectivity and embrace an ethos of evaluation that has the effect of making undue assumptions or judgments about the objects of investigation. The lessons of tolerance and humility in the face of the faith of those who to a student of religion who is also a person of faith, and more than this a professed Christian, may seem alien or even dangerous merely because their beliefs are "Other" are difficult to learn.
Yet the obligation remains, as injunctions from both bibli
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THE GREAT SCHISM.
Term Paper ID:29347
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Essay Subject:
The falling-out between the Christian churches of Byzantium and Rome.... More...
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15 Pages / 3375 Words
21 sources, 34 Citations,
MLA Format
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Paper Abstract:
The falling-out between the Christian churches of Byzantium and Rome. Its effects on the Byzantine Empire from 1054 until 1300. Emergence of diverse belief systems. The rift between eastern and western Christianity. Institutionalization of the priestly hierarchy. Papal authority. The Christian Crusaders. Political deterioration of the Byzantine empire.
Paper Introduction:
The purpose of this research is to examine effects on the Byzantine Empire from 1054 until 1300 of the Great Schism between the Christian churches of Byzantium and Rome. In the background of the Great Schism lie the apostolic and patristic history of the Roman Catholic Church and the long-term decline of the western Roman Empire in the face of emancipated Christianity and the rise of Byzantium from the fourth century onward. According to Pagels's study of Christian sectarian gnosticism, the second century of Christianity was decisive for the development of the faith because it was then that diverse belief systems emergent in the apostolic period were programmatically identified in the service of institutionalization of the priestly hierarchy and ecclesiastical authority. The basic tenets of modern Christianity, "the canon of Scripture, the creed
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CATHOLICISM.
Term Paper ID:29264
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Essay Subject:
Effects of Vatican II.... More...
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9 Pages / 2025 Words
10 sources, 24 Citations,
APA Format
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Paper Abstract:
Effects of Vatican II. Purpose of Pope John XXIII in convening the Council in 1965. Intended and unintended effects. Major changes that emerged from Vatican II concerning the traditional Mass; new openness in including lay members and women. Emergence of liberation theology. Concept of a "people's church." Roman Catholic Church in the United States.
Paper Introduction:
In 1965, responding to a call from Pope John XXIII, the cardinals, archbishops, bishops, and theological scholars of the Roman Catholic Church met in Rome at an ecumenical council. According to Pope John XXIII, the purpose of the council was to advance aggioranamento or “renewal" (Cairns, 1981, p. 459). Pope John XXIII wanted this second Vatican council to be pastoral rather than doctrinal or governmental. In other words, it was the hope of Pope John XXIII that the council would create new attitudes affecting relations with Protestant and Orthodox denominations within Christendom. It was not his intent to bring about any immediate major change in doctrine or polity (Cairns, 1981). However, these changes have been forthcoming in the United States and will serve as the focus of this report on religion in America.
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JESUS AND PAUL.
Term Paper ID:29183
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Essay Subject:
Compares their message.... More...
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4 Pages / 900 Words
1 sources, 1 Citations,
APA Format
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Paper Abstract:
Compares their message. Analysis of the teachings of Jesus and scriptures of Paul Contends Paul preached a similar gospel as Jesus; complete dependence on God and renouncement of personal merit and pride. Their views of the law. Similarities and differences among Jesus' and Paul's views of the law.
Paper Introduction:
The Law
Jesus & Paul
There are many who argue that the Gospels stand in direct contrast to the letters of Paul. This group views the law of Paul as being in conflict with the laws of Jesus, and that both share a different message. However, if we take a closer look at the teachings of Jesus and the scriptures of Paul we see that Paul did, indeed, preach a similar gospel as Jesus. Paul completely renounced personal merit and personal pride and taught complete dependence upon God. These elements were basic to the teachings of Christ. Paul focused on Christian life as the divine life in man, a divinity that was internal and its own law.
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AMERICAN RELIGION.
Term Paper ID:29179
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Essay Subject:
Americans as a diverse group.... More...
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12 Pages / 2700 Words
8 sources, 12 Citations,
APA Format
$48.00
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Paper Abstract:
Americans as a diverse group. Examines the nature and development of American religious diversity and tolerance. Origins of America's religions. Lack of a common culture among immigrants. U.S. Constitution ruling out national establishment of a religion. How diversity and tolerance have grown over time. How toleration has been limited by bigotry at various times. Role of American faiths.
Paper Introduction:
A MULTITUDE OF FAITHS
American Religion: Diversity and Tolerance
Introduction:
The people of the United States, or their ancestors, came from all parts of the world. Those who came brought their religious beliefs with them, while new religious movements took form on American soil. Americans, therefore, are not a people who, as in most of the world, have shared a common culture, including a common religion, for many centuries. As Americans are a mingling of many peoples, American religion is a mingling of many faiths.
One result of this is that no one religious group is predominant. There is no single majority religion, only a wide variety of minority religions. Another result is that Americans, while religious, tend
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AUGUSTINE'S PHILOSOPHY.
Term Paper ID:29078
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Essay Subject:
Examines Augustine's religious views.... More...
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8 Pages / 1800 Words
9 sources, 12 Citations,
MLA Format
$32.00
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Paper Abstract:
Examines Augustine's religious views. His line of thought, approach to proving the existence of God. Wisdom and the highest good. The non-existence of evil. Free will, faith and salvation and the afterlife. Augustine's doctrine of pre-destination. Relates Augustine's philosophy to Roman Catholic and Calvinist traditions.
Paper Introduction:
This research examines the work of Augustine with a view toward determining whether it should be considered more consistent with Roman Catholic or Calvinist doctrine. The research will set forth the basis on which Augustine's views become an issue front in theological discourse and then discuss reasons that support classifying Augustine as falling firmly within the Catholic tradition.
Augustine's philosophy provides an introduction to the intellectual history of Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire. Throughout his commentary run two important theological elements: authority and the leap of faith, which are connected to his idealism. His approach to proving the existence of God is one aspect of this. Faith, and therefore God, precedes all understanding. "That one will I plainly acknowledge to be God, than
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RELIGIOUS SYMBOLISM.
Term Paper ID:28994
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Essay Subject:
Discusses organized religions & conflict of Christians with American society.... More...
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5 Pages / 1125 Words
5 sources, 8 Citations,
MLA Format
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Paper Abstract:
Discusses organized religions & conflicts of Christians with American society. Contends that religions need to adapt to needs of the community, but the Church should not update its traditional myths, symbols & rituals. Discusses Buddhism as an example of religious adaptation.
Paper Introduction:
Organized religion should not update its myths, symbols, and rituals to be more relevant in a changing world and culture. Religion either represents an expression of some deeper truth or it does not, and if it does, that truth has been shaped through the centuries and needs to be presented in its original form. Religion might rephrase its message without changing it, or find ways to express its message in relevant terms, but the underlying truth has to remain stable.
This is a problem many face today, though. Many Christians today find a conflict between Christianity and American culture. American culture has developed along secular, scientific, and non-disciplinary lines that many Christians find contradictory to their faith. The conflict is seen in political action taken by fundamentalist churches in particular to try to redirect the
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EFFECTS OF RELIGION ON POLITICS & SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONS & CULTURES.
Term Paper ID:28957
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Essay Subject:
Examines Christianity, Buddhism & Islam & their connection to social organization.... More...
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8 Pages / 1800 Words
3 sources, 13 Citations,
MLA Format
$32.00
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Paper Abstract:
Examines Christianity, Buddhism & Islam & their connection to social organization. Historical development & influence of the 3 religions & their appeal to the masses. Examines establishment of the 3 religions in different parts of the world, their growth & doctrines.
Paper Introduction:
The three great proselytizing religions of the world -- Christianity, Buddhism, and Islam -- spread throughout major portions of the world and had enormous effects on the political and social development of nations and cultures. The degree of interpenetration between social organization and religious life varied in these three cases, however, and they demonstrate that the establishment of a religion that is intrinsically connected with a form of social organization tends to produce the firmest, most lasting type of religious orientation in a society.
From the fourth century the Roman Emperors in the West had taken a strong interest in the affairs of the Christian Church in the hope that unified belief would aid them in unifying the people of their disintegrating empire. But the invasions of the Germanic tribes, and others, brought about the fall of the
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